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material) when taken together could be mistaken for no effect, but with a high degree of variability. However, these repairs can make deep inroads into the cell's energy and resources, and its ability to make good the damage will depend on its physiological and nutritional condition. This means that, if the damage is prolonged or persistent, sooner or later the cell runs ou of resources and gives up, which is when we see the inhibitory phase, perhaps followed by apoptosis (cel death) or the loss of some of the cell's norma functions. We are now seeing this loss of function increasingly after prolonged human exposure to cellphone base station radiation, e.g., the loss of thyroid gland function after six years of exposure (Eskander et al., 2012). Be ee pte See bee pty ure ew reeset ~ Cell Amplification and Response to Weak Signals nutritional condition. This means that, if the damage i is We now know that electromagnetic growth — prolonged or persistent, sooner or later the cell runs out stimulation is almost certainly due to electrochemical — of resources and gives up, which is when we see the amplification followed by the activation of the MAP _ inhibitory phase, perhaps followed by apoptosis (cell {mitogen-activated protein] kinase cascades by free death) or the loss of some of the cell's normal calcium ions leaking into the cytosol (the main part of | functions. We are now seeing this loss of function the cell). The inward leakage of calcium ions is the increasingly after prolonged human exposure to normal mechanism by which a cell senses that it has cellphone base station radiation, e.g., the loss of thyroid been damaged and triggers the necessary repair — gland function after six years of exposure (Eskander et mechanisms. This involves huge amplification al. 2012). processes so that even minor leakage (e.g., due to membrane perforation or EM Effects on the Glands weak electromagnetic fields) can give Gland cells may be particularly rapid and often massive responses. It’s like a sensitive to radiation because their e first stage in the amplification is : secretions are normally produced in jue to the calcium gradient itself. transistor, where interna mem rane Systems which There is an enormous (over a . . can also be damaged. Their thousandfold) concentration a slight change In secretions are usually released in ‘ «renee ior free calcium petween the charge in the yesicles (pub “s of membrane) that e inside and outside of living cells. use wi e external cell membrane In addition, there is a voltage base can allow a and disgorge their contents to the difference of many tens of millivolts massive current outside (exocytosis). The vesicle acting in the same direction. This membrane then becomes part of the means that even a slight change in the to flow through external membrane. The resulting leakiness of the cell membrane it under the excess external membrane is can permit a very large inflow of counterbalanced by the reverse calcium ions. It's like a transistor, influence of a process (endocytosis) in which the were ah cone high-voltage ee) massive current to flow through it gradient between which then fuse with the internal under the influence of a high- the emitter and membranes. In this way, an active gland cell may internalise the equivalent of its entire surface membrane about once every half an hour. This means that if the surface membrane is voltage gradient between the emitter and collector. The next stage in the amplification is due to the extremely low calcium concentration in the cytosol so damaged directly by the fields or that even a small ingress of by electromagnetically calcium ions makes a big percentage difference, to which conditioned blood, the damaged membrane rapidly many enzymes within the cell are sensitive. becomes part of the internal membrane system, upon Even more amplification comes from the MAP kinase _ which its normal activity depends. If the damage is too cascades. These are biochemical amplifiers that enable severe, the whole gland may lose its normal function. tiny amounts of growth factors or hormones (perhaps even a single molecule) to give very large effects. They | EM Effects on the Endocrine System and Obesity consist of chains of enzymes acting in sequence so that Although electromagnetic fields frequently stimulate the first enzyme activates many molecules of the second glandular activity in the short term, long-term exposure enzyme, which in turn activates still more of the third is often harmful in that the gland ceases to work enzyme, etc. The final stage then activates the protein- — properly. This is particularly serious for the glands of synthesising machinery needed for cell growth and _ the endocrine system (those that coordinate our bodily repair. functions) since it can affect many aspects of At least some of these cascades need calcium ions to metabolism and throw the whole body out of kilter. For work (Cho et al., 1992), so the inward leakage of calcium example, it may be responsible, at least in part, for the through damaged cell membranes will increase the rate — current outbreak of obesity and the many other illnesses of these processes to stimulate growth and repair. _ that stem from it. collector. It’s like a transistor, where a slight change in the charge in the base can allow a it under the high-voltage gradient between the emitter and collector. in next EM Effects on the Endocrine System and Obesity Although electromagnetic fields frequently stimulate glandular activity in the short term, long-term exposure is often harmful in that the gland ceases to work properly. This is particularly serious for the glands of the endocrine system (those that coordinate our bodily functions) since it can affect many aspects of metabolism and throw the whole body out of kilter. For example, it may be responsible, at least in part, for the current outbreak of obesity and the many other illnesses that stem from it. JUNE - JULY 2012 NEXUS ¢ 23 massive current to flow through influence of a www.nexusmagazine.com