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process by which this occurs is much different, primarily trapped in the bottom layers typically remain unaffected in the absence of high-energy by-products including for thousands of years. Research has shown that the radiation. Clearly, a new physical process seems to be _ presence of tritium (with its short half-life) and high at work that begs more theoretical attention. helium ratios strongly indicates that the source of these ¢ It has been reported in many instances that once the isotopes is from mantle degassing rather than from the electrolysis current was turned off, the heat generation Earth's surface. This unusually abnormal finding has process continued for extended durations, i.e., hours led the researchers to the tentative conclusion that it and/or days afterwards (Beaudette, 2002). Presumably fits with the hypothesis of what would be expected if his is due to the palladium becoming saturated with — fusion were occurring deep within the Earth. deuterium, allowing continuation of the fusion effect independently of additional power input. Conclusions and Comments ¢ Some researchers have reported that atomic For over a century, many professional scientists have ransmutation occurred in cathodes made of various maintained that expansion of the Earth has occurred. materials. For example, one researcher using high- | Numerous technical articles and books have expressed purity nickel-coated beads as the cathode found that _ this hypothesis as a viable and indeed necessary one to after five weeks about 40 per cent of the nickel had been explain the observed empirical geological facts known ransmuted into a mixture of other elements including about our planet. Expansion Tectonics, as it is known chromium, iron, copper, selenium, silver, cadmium, today, alleviates the reliance on other theories that have antimony and lead (Beaudette, been put forth, such as 2002). Continental Drift and Plate ¢ Over two decades ago, i . . eae Tectonics. was proposed tha Expansion Tectonics, as It Is However, Expansion Tectonics, nucleosynthesis has perhaps known today, alleviates the in and of itself, has not inspired a been occurring in condensed paradigm shift away from the matter within planets, moons, reliance on other theories currently held paradigm of Plate etc. Some research was done that have been put forth, fectonics “ en one asks why over that period in an attemp . . is is true, the response whic! to prove or disprove this such as Continental Drift most frequently comes back is hypothesis (Bockris & Mallove, and Plate Tectonics. he question, "If the Earth has undergone expansion, where did looking for fusion by-products, he increase in matter come primarily isotopes of hydrogen rom?" Carey, for one, spent the and helium. The principal radioactive isotope of — majority of his lifetime trying to provide an answer to this hydrogen looked for is tritium, which has a half-life of | question. Time and again he considered possible 12.32 years. Because of this short half-life, tritium in | mechanisms, mostly theoretical, to explain this question nature doesn't remain present for long and hence is __ of increase in matter, only to reject such mechanisms for quite rare. With helium, there are two stable isotopes one reason or another. Any mechanism should have a (He, ‘He) which allow for a ratio of one to another to be _ foundation in the area of experimental physics rather than calculated. The ratio of naturally occurring isotopes of in purely theoretical physics abstractions. helium is much different than the ratio produced in This article proposes and examines what is considered fusion reactions, allowing detection of these reactions. a plausible answer to this question based upon physical Gas analysis searches were conducted in two primary processes that have been experimentally observed. It areas. has never been observed, for example, that matter just The first area included so-called "hot spot" volcanoes, | pops into being where nothing was before. What is like Kilauea in Hawai'i and Alcedo in the Galapagos, required is (1) a source for new matter, (2) a means which produce magma from plumes which supposedly whereby this matter can penetrate into the Earth's rise hundreds of kilometres from the core-mantle __ interior, and (3) a mechanism by which heavier elements boundary, as opposed to crustal volcanoes which are may be formed. regarded as rather shallow in comparison (Jones & Empirical geological evidence strongly indicates that Ellsworth, 2003; Tebbe, 1980). The deeper volcanoes Expansion Tectonics is indeed valid, so the task have yielded tritium presence and helium ratios confronted has always been to formulate a viable (He/‘He) much higher, by factors of tens to hundreds, | mechanism whereby this expansion occurs. In a plasma than do the shallower crustal volcanoes, indicating the universe, the Earth is under constant bombardment possible by-products of fusion. with all the necessary components to reconstitute The second area is that of volcanic crater lakes (Jiang | matter from its constituent parts deep within the Earth. atl aanty mo. 1999). This research involved Xa ne wD a OD trapped in the bottom layers typically remain unaffected for thousands of years. Research has shown that the presence of tritium (with its short half-life) and high helium ratios strongly indicates that the source of these isotopes is from mantle degassing rather than from the Earth's surface. This unusually abnormal finding has led the researchers to the tentative conclusion that it fits with the hypothesis of what would be expected if fusion were occurring deep within the Earth. Expansion Tectonics, as it is known today, alleviates the reliance on other theories that have been put forth, such as Continental Drift areas. The first area included so-called "hot spot" volcanoes, like Kilauea in Hawai'i and Alcedo in the Galapagos, which produce magma from plumes which supposedly rise hundreds of kilometres from the core-mantle boundary, as opposed to crustal volcanoes which are regarded as rather shallow in comparison (Jones & Ellsworth, 2003; Tebbe, 1980). The deeper volcanoes have yielded tritium presence and helium ratios (’He/‘He) much higher, by factors of tens to hundreds, than do the shallower crustal volcanoes, indicating the possible by-products of fusion. The second area is that of volcanic crater lakes (Jiang et al., 2007). Towards the bottom of many such lakes, the water does not mix with the upper-layer water so gases 48 « NEXUS APRIL - MAY 2011 Conclusions and Comments and Plate Tectonics. Continued on page 82 www.nexusmagazine.com