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influence of the Earth's magnetic field, thus providing a has been going on in this area of research. To viable method of proton transport. But what happens —_ understand this better, we turn our attention to the to this concentration of protons within the Earth? subject of what is generally referred to as "cold fusion". The research into this subject is complex, with many Nucleosynthesis and Transmutation within the Earth unanswered questions remaining. from Protons and Electrons In 1989, two researchers, Dr Martin Fleischmann and Protons, being of like charge, normally repel each Dr Stanley Pons at the University of Utah, announced other with a vengeance. However, quantum and other hat they had achieved nuclear fusion in their laboratory. effects come into play. The problem with nuclear fusion They claimed that this was done by electrolysis, using a is trying to keep a group of charged particles together _—_ palladium cathode with heavy water (deuterium oxide), for sufficient enough time for fusion to occur, thus _ with the result being that the energy output, based on liberating energy. Protons in close proximity encounter — measured heat, was greater than the energy input. They what is known as the "Coulomb barrier". As the protons ypothesised that two atoms of deuterium (a stable get closer together, the force of isotype of hydrogen) fuse, creating a repulsion between them becomes elium atom and liberating heat in exponentially greater. Theoretically he process. For them to have done his force should reach a near infinite his in a laboratory at low energies evel, making it impossible for nuclear To assume that was thought to have been impossible. usion to occur. . Since the 1950s, billions of dollars had Nucleosynthesis is the formation of the Earth Is been spent trying to accomplish atoms more complex than the gaining matter usion through expensive atom- ydrogen atom. It is generally . smashing-type machines with very believed that nucleosynthesis of the and that this imited success. The hope had been eavier elements only occurs in o provide a cheap source of energy. interiors of stars where extremely high may be due to Absent in Fleischmann and Pons's emperatures and pressures are nucleosynthesis experiment were all the exotic by- hought to occur, leading to the eal. products normally expected when i 6 within the Earth ¥ EXP high-energy fusion occurs under thermonuclear conditions with conclusion that most of the eavier elements found in the seems to fly in universe have been created in this temperatures in the millions of manner. the face of degrees. To assume that the Earth is conventional Below are the important points gaining matter and that this may 0 relevant to the discussion here. be due to nucleosynthesis within wisdom— The best source of current information about cold fusion, ie., low-energy nuclear reactions, is http://www.lenr-canr.org. | encourage interested readers to check out this website. he Earth seems to fly in the face of conventional wisdom—and it does. However, if the geological evidence strongly suggests that he Earth's radius is getting larger with time (due to the Earth's gain ¢ Cold fusion has been of new matter), as Expansion experimentally verified in a Tectonics advocates maintain, then some mechanism — number of laboratories around the world, including in must be at play to account for this additional matter. the USA. Because of the nature of the experimentation, Clearly, the solid nature of the crust of the Earth is _ the most difficult part of this effort is in carrying out the relatively impervious to the infusion of most matter, with extensive instrumentation procedures required to he exception being electrons and the nuclei of the — obtain definitive results. However, scientists working ightest elements, most likely hydrogen or an isotope of | with cold fusion generally agree that there is no ydrogen. question about its working. Excess energy is released Transmutation is the changing of one element into through the fusion process, as predicted by nuclear another by radioactive decay, nuclear bombardment or _ physics, and has been measured. similar processes. New matter introduced into the Earth ¢ Various theoretical analysis models have been would require transmutation as well as nucleosynthesis. | proposed to explain the process, and headway is being According to conventional physics, both processes made in this regard according to a number of normally occur when high energy levels of the interacting investigators (e.g., Fleischmann, Pons & Preparata, particles are present. The question here is whether or 1994; Beaudette, 2002). Although cold fusion of not these processes could happen should high-energy deuterium to create helium (and other atomic nuclei) particles not be present. Over the last two decades, work ends with the same final result as hot fusion, the and it does. influence of the Earth's magnetic field, thus providing a viable method of proton transport. But what happens to this concentration of protons within the Earth? the Earth is gaining matter and that this may be due to nucleosynthesis within the Earth seems to fly in the face of manner. wisdom— and it does. APRIL - MAY 2011 NEXUS ¢ 47 To assume that conventional www.nexusmagazine.com