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and turn as it continuously flattens and adjusts during changes in surface curvature. During this ongoing gravity-induced crustal flattening process, compression causes folding of the soft sediments within sedimentary basins as well as faulting, volcanic intrusion and metamorphism (heating and compression of the rocks). When the continents began to break up and disperse 200 million years ago, the edges of the newly formed continents then flexed and rose vertically to form the great escarpments and mountain ranges as the interiors collapsed during ongoing changing surface curvature. This process is cyclical during the ongoing increase in Earth's radius, resulting in multiple and overlapping phases of mountain building, planation, sedimentation, uplift and erosion. ————— What about Space Geodetic Measurements? Space geodetics is modern technology which uses satellites and radio telescopes to measure routinely the dimensions of the Earth and plate motions of the continents to sub-centimetre accuracy. During the early 1990s, when enough ground stations were established to form a global network, the global excess in radius was found to be 18 millimetres per year—i.e., the measurements showed that the Earth was expanding by 18 mm/year. This value was considered by NASA to be "extremely high" when compared to expected deglaciation rates during melting of the polar ice-caps, estimated at less than 10 mm/year. MLA eananechacsn in Fant Yawn aatad uplift and erosion. The researchers in fact “expected that most...stations will have up-down What about Past Measurements of motions of only a few mm/yr" and the Earth's Radius? went on to recommend that the Palaeomagnetic measurements were vertical motion be "restricted to zero, irst used during the 1960s to early As the Earth's because this is closer to the true 970s to establish an ancient Earth Q 0 situation than an average motion o radius. This information was then radius Increases, 18 mm/yr" (S. Robaudo and C. G. A. used in an attempt to resolve debete the continental Harrison, 1993). dati once and for all on whether the . is recommendation is now Earth's radius is increasing or not. crust must distort, reflected in current mathematica he outcome of this research was the bend, twist solutions to the global radius, where conclusion that the Earth's radius is . global solutions are effectively not increasing, and this of course has and turn as it constrained to zero. sjezovoved pen opnicn ov continuously ss, iccommendations ae implications of the outcome flattens and radius Plate Tectonics being fully appreciated. . . perspective. While various researchers went adjusts during The calculated excess of 18 o great lengths to present quality changes in surface millimetres per year was considered to be an error in atmospheric correction, so it was simply zeroed out. What must be appreciated is that without an acknowledgment of a potential increase in Earth What the researchers failed to radius, NASA had no option but comprehend was the significance to correct this value to zero and of magnetic pole locations determined from _ hence adopt a static-Earth-radius premise. conventional palaeomagnetic formulae. These are From an Expansion Tectonics Earth perspective, virtual pole locations, not actual locations. Because o however, the 18 mm/year excess equates closely with a this oversight, they then made incorrect assumptions _ present-day value of a 22 mm/year increase in the regarding application of the ancient latitude and Earth's radius, determined independently from colatitude to determine radius. measurements of areas of sea-floor spreading. When the Expansion Tectonics magnetic pole locations for African data, for instance, are correctly © EXPANSION TECTONICS AS A VIABLE used, the palaeomagnetic data, in contrast to published = SCIENTIFIC FACT conclusions, conclusively quantify a Triassic Expansion Put simply, the process of Expansion Tectonics, from Tectonics Earth radius. the beginning of geological time to the present, can now This, in conjunction with the diametrically opposed be accurately constrained. North and South Pole plots, represents definitive proo in support of an expanding Earth. Continued on page 80 data and sound methodology, it should be realised that at that ime there was very little agreement as to what a potential Earth expansion may or may not ave been. curvature. radius increases, the continental bend, twist continuously flattens and Tectonics adjusts during changes in surface curvature. EXPANSION TECTONICS AS A VIABLE SCIENTIFIC FACT Put simply, the process of Expansion Tectonics, from the beginning of geological time to the present, can now be accurately constrained. 38 * NEXUS JUNE - JULY 2010 As the Earth's crust must distort, and turn as it Continued on page 80 www.nexusmagazine.com