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sound is comprised of random frequencies that have little or no relationship to each other. Mathematically, tones or music are comprised of frequencies that do have relationships to each other. (A single, true tone will naturally be in symmetry with itself.) The absence of certain mathematical relationships in sound and the presence of those relationships in music explain why sound can irritate the nerves and music can calm them. Although EM fields and sound transmit frequencies in different ways, the mathematical measurements representing the relationship between electromagnetic requencies are the same for music. Put another way, he harmonic relationships of each system are governed by identical mathematics. The frequencies of musical ones and the EM spectrum exist in octaves—higher armonics and lower harmonics of each other. Thus, musical tones and EM spectrum frequencies have mathematical relationships to some of the other requencies that are higher or lower. For example, a requency that is multiplied or divided by two produces a higher or lower octave of itself. As with sound, EM fields possess symmetry and asymmetry. Various electromedical devices can detect he equivalent of either noise or music in the oscillations of cells and tissues in the body. When the oscillations are not mathematically harmonious (which corresponds to noise), there is disease and degeneration. When the oscillations are mathematically harmonious (which corresponds to music), the cells function optimally and correctly. ¢ Pulsed Magnetic Fields There are many ways to induce an EM field. One way is with magnetism. Although magnetism per se exists in a static state, inducing movement in a magnetic field creates a corresponding movement in the electric field that naturally exists at right angles to it. The result is electromagnetic radiation. When this type of EM radiation is created from movement, it is commonly referred to as pulsed. Pulsing a wave means that the signal is "on" for a brief period, then off, then on, then off, etc. Pulsing is independent of the frequency, which is equivalent to a note in music. The pulsing is like the rhythm. Carrying the analogy further, a wave taking up its full cycle of "space" is a whole note. A wave taking up only half of that cycle is a half note. A wave taking up only one quarter of that cycle is a quarter note, a wave taking up only one eighth of that cycle is an eighth note, and so on. Speaking musically, the "on, off, on, off" aspect of the wave could also be regarded as "note, rest, note, rest”. Many of the pulsed magnetic fields that are used in electromedical devices have a "rhythm" comparable to only an eighth note, because the wave is "on" for only a brief period. But that brief period is long enough to induce movement in the body. The movement of the EM JUNE - JULY 2010 radiation in the body translates into ion transport, increase in blood and lymph flow, and more. Any frequency can be pulsed. In figure 4, the bottom line shows a "lag time" or interval when the wave is at rest before it resumes its upward-moving cycle. Figure 5 shows two waves in succession. Here, the “lag time" or rest interval between the waves is easily seen. Note that there is no trough to the wave because it has been truncated. Pulsed electromagnetic radiation induces therapeutic results, which is why it is used. Some electromedical devices using pulsed EM fields will be discussed later. The Electromagnetic Body * Energy in Living Systems Electromagnetic waves can be used for diagnostic purposes because living organisms are energy-based. Historically, most cultures have erroneously regarded the body solely as a mechanical and biochemical organism. But every cell in the body is a transmitter and receiver of electromagnetic information. The following are examples of how human beings, animals and plants contain and respond to EM fields. ¢ During migration, monarch butterflies, locusts and even blindfolded birds navigate flawlessly. Salamanders and turtles also use magnetic fields to navigate. We now know that magnetite, a highly magnetic mineral, is found in the tissues and brains of insects, birds, reptiles and amphibians. ¢ Bacteria use their magnetic sense to burrow deeper into the mud. We now know that magnetite is also present in bacteria and protozoa. ¢ Many kinds of fish are able to follow each other in organised formations ("schools") due to the magnetic fields generated by the magnetite in their bodies. NEXUS ¢ 29 www.nexusmagazine.com Top: peak of the wave Figure 4: Wave Lag Time Top: peak of the waves Bottom: time (duration) when wave is off Figure 5: Two Waves