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northward polar wander through Siberia to the North Pole's present location within the Arctic Ocean. Similarly, the ancient Precambrian and Palaeozoic South Pole was located in western Central Africa, and as the continents slowly migrated north there was an apparent southward polar wander along the South American and West African coastlines to the South Pole's present location in Antarctica. The locations of these magnetic poles, as well as the derived ancient equators, independently confirm the model reconstructions shown in figure 3 and again suggest that Expansion Tectonics is indeed a viable process. On these models, during the Triassic Period (the time period before the Jurassic) continental crust as well as sediments deposited around the continental margins are then shown to envelop the Earth as a complete continental shell at about 52 per cent of the present Earth radius. At that time, the sediments along the continental margins (shown as white in figure 3) formed a global network, representing the location of shallow seas surrounding and on-lapping the ancient continental lands. This unique fit-together of the lands and ancient seas demonstrates that Expansion Tectonics is indeed a viable process. Modelling oceanic and continental crusts on a reduced-radius Earth model effectively removes the need to arbitrarily fragment continents to maintain a constant Earth radius. It also removes the need to dispose of excess oceanic crust by subduction when opening each of the modern oceans. te Ste eee ey removes the need to arbitrarily fragment continents to Ancient Geography maintain a constant Earth radius. It also removes the The ancient geography of the Earth forms the basis for need to dispose of excess oceanic crust by subduction defining the interrelationships of exposed continents, when opening each of the modern oceans. intervening seaways, mountains and crustal movements, and it enables the conventional Pangaea, GEOLOGICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL = Gondwana, Laurentia, Baltica, Laurussia and Rodinia EVIDENCE supercontinents to be All rocks contain an immense quantified on an Expansion amount of — geological, Tectonics Earth. geographical and geophysical ' ' 1 The ancient coastlines, when evidence which, to the trained This unique fit together plotted on Expansion Tectonics eye, has a complex but variable of the lands and ancient models, show that the large history of formation, Panthalassa, Tethys and lapetus metamorphic change, chemical seas demonstrates that oceans are not required during and erosive weathering, climatic Expansion Tectonics 1S reconstruction. This is because influence, biotic activity and metallic worth to tell us. Using the models shown in figure 3, we now have a platform on assembled as a_ single which we can piece together continental crust. These this physical evidence so as to locate the ancient poles inferred oceans are instead replaced by smaller and equators, distributions of exposed lands, Panthalassa, Tethys and lapetus seas located on or mountains, ice-caps, seas and shorelines, the between the ancient continents. distribution, dispersal patterns and extinction histories The early Panthalassa and lapetus seas developed of flora and fauna, the ancient climatic zones ranging during the Early Permian to Early Jurassic periods (260 from polar ice-caps to equatorial zones, and the © 165 million years ago) as shallow sedimentary basins formation and distribution of metallic and hydrocarbon within the present western North Pacific Ocean and on an Expansion Tectonics Earth, all modern oceans are removed and continents are indeed a viable process. resources. orth Atlantic Ocean regions respectively. These then progressively opened and extended throughout the Ancient Magnetic Poles Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras to become the modern The published ancient magnetic pole information (the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In contrast, the Tethys Sea ocation of ancient magnetic poles established from ad its origin during the early Precambrian Superaeon measuring the remnant magnetism in iron-rich rocks) in —_ as. a continental sea located within what is now Europe particular provides conclusive evidence in support of | and Asia. This sea then progressively enlarged and Expansion Tectonics. When this magnetic pole datais extended in area during the Precambrian and the plotted on Expansion Tectonics models, it Palaeozoic and Mesozoic eras during crustal extension demonstrates that all pole data plot as diametrically | and subsequent opening of the modern oceans. opposed north and south poles for each model. Changes in sea level on an Expansion Tectonics Earth These models show that the ancient North Pole was are then shown to occur in response to climatic change ocated in eastern Mongolia—China throughout the as well as a shift in the distribution of continental seas, Precambrian Superaeon and the Palaeozoic Era. As the and to crustal movements, mountain building, erosion, aantin ants clave. aeteented aneeh a. to This unique fit-together of the lands and ancient Expansion Tectonics is indeed a viable process. as resources. Ancient Magnetic Poles The published ancient magnetic pole information (the ocation of ancient magnetic poles established from measuring the remnant magnetism in iron-rich rocks) in particular provides conclusive evidence in support of Expansion Tectonics. When this magnetic pole data is plotted on Expansion Tectonics models, it demonstrates that all pole data plot as diametrically opposed north and south poles for each model. These models show that the ancient North Pole was ocated in eastern Mongolia-China throughout the Precambrian Superaeon and the Palaeozoic Era. As the continents slowly migrated south during subsequent increase in the Earth's radius, there was an apparent on APRIL - MAY 2010 NEXUS ¢ 39 seas demonstrates that Continued on page 81 www.nexusmagazine.com