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NEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCE motion of protons or electrons. It is very directional, as is the electric field, too, | believe (my information supports the theory that he electric field is somehow expelled rom protons and sucked in by electrons or vice versa), and all this again supports the electric field as he basic force in our macro world. The magnetic field has its own polarity (north-south) and, unlike the electric field, it has no particles directly attached to it. It can change he direction of motion of a moving charged particle, but it cannot add or subtract energy to that particle on its own without structured relativism. Structured relativism is the application of a relativistic viewpoint to some event which can explain (under those relativistic terms) the manifestation of extra or free energy. Here's how this works... A proton and a neutron are travelling along together and they encounter a stray magnetic field. The field induces the proton to move laterally, but it does not induce the neutron. According to the neutron's relativistic view, the proton was suddenly and mysteriously accelerated away from it; the neutron could not feel the magnetic field. According to an overall view, the proton's kinetic energy was redirected by the magnetic field and no energy was created. Unless the neutron was aware of their velocities and the proton’s field dynamics, the neutron would have been left thinking that there was an unexplained or heretical event. A reactionless event is where one mass/particle affects a second mass/particle, but the second mass/particle does not affect the first. This is also a nonreciproca event. An “over-unity" or "free- energy" event is a closed system which produces excess energy. A practical over-unity device would best utilise reactionless events, one- way valves, inertial forces and structured relativism in an engineered combination to optimise a usable continuous output. Both electromagnetic induction interactions and mechanical systems have similar localised or specialised reactionless events. These violations of "law" are very real and are fairly easy to demonstrate for repeated study. Mechanical violations have two subcategories: linear types and rotational types. Rotational types are easier to reproduce, requiring only a swivelling bar stool that is fixed to the ground. For this demonstration, find a swivelling bar stool that has wooden legs. Set the bar stool out in an open area and sit on the stool. Without touching the base of the stool or any other fixed object, try to rotate yourself. Quickly you should find that you can produce a bit of an oscillation, but no rotation without counter- "Physics", Tipler., second edition, Worth Publishers, 1982, p #744. Optional This relation is remarkable in that the force exerted by element | on element 2 is not equal and opposite to that exerted by element 2 on element 1. That is, these forces do not obey Newton’s action-reaction Jaw, as can be demonstrated by considering the special case illustrated 'B in Figure 27-2. Here, the magnetic field at element 2 due to element 1 =— aa is into the paper, and the force on element 2 is to the left. However, the Bement 2 magnetic field at element 1 due to element 2 is zero because dl, x f is p zero. Thus no force is exerted on element |. If the force F), is the only Bement 1 hat, Inde, force acting on the two-current-element system, the system will accelerate in the direction of F,, and linear momentum of the system Figure 27-2 will apparently not be conserved. We recall that it was the experimental - observation of conservation of momentum in collisions that originally led Newton to the law of action and reaction. In most situations, current elements are but part of a complete circuit. If the current elements shown are parts of complete circuits, as in Figure 27-3, there will be the paper, giving a force on forces on the elements from other parts of the circuits. A detailed ‘element 2 to the left, but B due to| |@2alysis of the total force exerted on one circuit by the other shows that clement 2 at element Lis zero. the total forces do obey Newton’s third law; ie, the force exerted or circuit 1 by circuit 2 is equal and opposite to the total force exerted on circuit 2 by circuit 1. This analysis can be found in intermediate books on electricity and magnetism. It is possible to produce the equivalent of isolated current elements by accelerating charges for a short time and then stopping them. Then the problem of the apparent violation of Newton’s action-reaction law and of conservation of momentum is real. It is this type of situation for which our discussion of action at a distance in Chapter 4 is pertinent. We need to include in our system the electric and magnetic fields as well as the two current elements. The accelerations of electric charges necessary to produce isolated current elements also produces electromagnetic radiation which carries momentum. A detailed analysis of a situation like that pictured in Figure 27-2 shows that indeed the current element stem is accelerated to the left while the electromagnetic radiation carries momentum to the right. When we include the field and its momentum in the system, the total momentum Figure 27-3 of the system is again conserved. Complete circuits contain- ing the current elements shown in Figure 27-2. P44 The total force which cir- cuit 1 exerts on circuit 2 is equal and opposite to the I, at, total force which circuit 2 exerts on circuit 1. The forces exerted by current elements on each other are not equal and opposite. Here B at ‘element 2 due to element | is into Optional was an Reactionless and over-unity events Another critical definition needed is to make distinctions between a reactionless event and an over-unity event. A reactionless event is like a diode used in electric circuits. The diode and the reactionless event are both nonreciprocal events. The diode allows electrons to flow in one direction but not the other, just like a one-way valve in mechanics or hydraulics. < } NEXUS ¢ 47 FEBRUARY - MARCH 2010 www.nexusmagazine.com