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climb grades in excess of 10 per cent! The pulsed magnets induce reversed electric currents in the aluminium plates that form the track. The induced currents create their own magnetic fields that oppose those of the train. With the aid of optical sensors, the fields pulse "on" just as the magnets pass the midpoint of the plates and, by repulsion, propel the train forward. The Maglev technology works with this pulsed electricity to propel the train, minimising the amount of power needed. Pulsed energy, therefore, seems to produce more force per overall energy used than does continuous energy. For this reason, pulse technology is also being developed for several aviation uses and to confirm certain theories. Nuclear pulse technology has also been recently considered for NASA's new Orion spacecraft program, where it may require long-distance flights to take a new generation of astronauts to local planets in the next two decades. climb grades in excess of 10 per cent! The pulsed magnets claim that their electromagnetic generator prototype induce reversed electric currents in the aluminium plates includes a permanent magnet and a magnetic core hat form the track. The induced currents create theirown including first and second magnetic paths. It has input magnetic fields that oppose those of the train. With the coils that are alternately pulsed to provide induced current aid of optical sensors, the fields pulse "on" just as the pulses in the output coils. Driving electrical current magnets pass the midpoint of the plates and, by repulsion, through each of the input coils reduces a level of magnetic propel the train forward. The Maglev technology works __ flux from the permanent magnet within the magnet's path with this pulsed electricity to propel the train, minimising around which the input coil is located. The MEG is he amount of power needed. reported to have a coefficient of performance greater than Pulsed energy, therefore, seems to produce more force __ one, or over-unity operation. per overall energy used than does continuous energy. For According to UK physicist Duncan Barker, the MEG is his reason, pulse technology is also being developed for similar to a transformer and consists of a hollow core with several aviation uses and to confirm certain theories. | a permanent magnet in the middle. Drive coils on either Nuclear pulse technology has also been recently _ side of the magnet switch the flux back and forth between considered for NASA's new Orion spacecraft program, — each side of the core. Pick-up coils on each side of the coi where it may require long-distance flights to take a new _—_ generate a voltage from the changing magnetic flux. A generation of astronauts to local planets in the next two load is then connected to the output of the pick-up coils. decades. The device utilises a geometric phase effect, or the More common for aviation is Aharonov-Bohm effect, discovered the pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) by Yakir Aharonov, David Bohm et used for vehicle propulsion, More common for aviation is al. in 1959, which is well known in where an arc of electric current quantum mechanics and can produce quick and the pulsed plasma thruster quantum electrodynamics. The repeatable bursts of impulse. (PPT) used for vehicle Aharonov-Bohm effect shows the This creates a high velocity, ; primacy of potentials over their much higher than the thermal propulsion, where an arc of associated fields, and velocity of chemical engines, and * demonstrates that electric field uses the “electromagnetic electric current can produce effects can be created from the acceleration" of propellant via quick and repeatable bursts magnetic vector potential, A, even the Lorentz force. fi | in the absence of the magnetic PPT was used by the Soviets in or Impulse. field, B. By using a high- early space-flight (e.g., Zond 2, permeability core, the MEG launched in 1964) and was used in separates the A potential and the the first electric thrusters to be deployed in space. It is still B field whereby the magnetic field, B, is contained only being used in flight experiments today on the NASA _ within the high-permeability core. This leaves the vector Goddard Space Flight Center's EO-l spacecraft potential, A, outside the core to create an electric field (www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs23grc.html). which is felt by the electrons in the pick-up coils, creating a atieeant the pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) used for vehicle propulsion, where an arc of electric current can produce quick and repeatable bursts of impulse. can current. "Free Energy and "Over-Unity" Technologies The Lorentz force is a well-known force created by the interaction of a magnetic field and an electric current. Consequently, pulse technology can be used with electromagnetic energy. Such electromagnetic energy is now being considered by many "new-energy scientists” who are experimenting to create "over-unity" technologies as the key not only to extraterrestrial travel but also to "free-energy" technologies. So-called “over-unity" and "free-energy" devices do not create energy but, rather, convert existing, potential or usable energy, the source of which is unknown in today's science. According to inventors Thomas Bearden (www.cheniere.org), Stephen Patrick et al., who filed for a US patent on a "Motionless Electromagnetic Generator" (MEG) (US Patent 6,362,718, granted March 26, 2002), this technology is the right step forward towards such over- unity or free-energy technologies (see www.byronwine.com/files/MEG.pdf). In their abstract, they Over-Unity Measurement Guidelines Although many inventors and researchers are working to achieve such over-unity conditions, our close associate Patrick Bailey, PhD, a graduate of MIT and formerly a project manager with the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), warns the non-scientific observer to be very cautious. Dr Bailey claims that it is not so difficult to show a simple demonstration using the wrong equipment to exhibit a device that creates "more energy out than energy in". Over the last 25 years, Dr Bailey has examined and recorded with one of the authors (Dr J. J.) over 150 technologies of energy systems that have been claimed to have "over unity" performance or new "clean energy" processes. Dr Bailey affirms, after extensive investigation, that one must use a high-frequency digital oscilloscope to determine the true voltage, current, power and energy measured in such devices. He points out that, in most 40 * NEXUS More common for aviation is OCTOBER - NOVEMBER 2009 www.nexusmagazine.com