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where the stone "pavement" on the top shows obvious signs of folding. It is clear that, circa 1000 BCE, something happened that partially destroyed these structures, and this may explain why the Ravne tunnel complex has been filled in with sand and why other tunnels have collapsed. So far, excavations of the Ravne complex have brought some remarkable results. In May 2007, a stone mould for cast metal tools was found in the tunnels. Indeed, the Ravne complex shares several characteristics with prehistoric mines elsewhere, such as at Llandudno, Wales. There, too, side tunnels were blocked off by dry stone walls, and "enigmatic" stones sit along the length of these tunnels but, in this case, they were used in the mining planning, but in ancient times such a construction was also an excellent means for preserving and safeguarding the underground complex from looters—so much so that, even today, exploring these tunnels remains more than perilous. Not just pyramids and tunnels So far, excavations of the Ravne complex have brought In the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids, the tunnels so far some remarkable results. In May 2007, a stone mould for have shown that humans were definitely doing something, cast metal tools was found in the tunnels. Indeed, the and logic dictates that this work was connected with the Ravne complex shares several characteristics with pyramids. As such, the critics hardly ever focus on the prehistoric mines elsewhere, such as at Llandudno, Wales. tunnels; but when they do, it is with sweeping statements There, too, side tunnels were blocked off by dry stone __ that try to mystify what is at heart not a complex issue at all. walls, and "enigmatic" stones sit along the length of these Meanwhile, in September 2007, a team from the National tunnels but, in this case, they were used in the mining Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina excavated the nearby process. site of Okoliste and concluded that, circa 4700-4500 BCE, If the Ravne tunnel complex had around 3,000 people lived in the indeed been a mine, then it is likely that settlement—one of the largest ever its materials were used to create the found in Bosnia. This shouldn't be cement coating of the Pyramid of the surprising, seeing that Visoko is known Sun. Even sceptic Katherine Reece has to have been one of Bosnia's most fertile argued on the Internet that these tunnels lands and hence a cherished location for are man-made— "ancient mining tunnels On both the top settlers. From the development of dating from as long ago as 3500 BC . civilisations elsewhere, we know that when the area was being mined for of the hill and the such settlements often had a surplus copper". It underlines that she accepts workforce, which, like elsewhere, might there was human activity here at that tumulus, perfectly easily have been used to start a building time, though she is totally unwilling to rectangular stone slabs project—the Bosnian pyramids, entertain the notion that there is a perhaps? pyramid nearby. However, mining have been found that There is therefore a substantial pool of experts from Zenica, Banovici and are ona par with evidence from which one can conclude that these hills have been artificially enhanced, and that there were "civilised people" present at the right time, in the right place, to have created these pyramids. However, it is equally clear that a smoking gun, which would convince anyone, remains to be found—but, equally, it might be just a spade's turn away. In 2008, preliminary research at Kakanj have shown that there are no traces of minerals in these tunnels and that, hence, the tunnels could never have been copper mines. Another opponent who has come around on the tunnels issue is historian and archaeology professor Dr Enver Imamovic, from the University of Sarajevo, who at first claimed that the tunnels are natural caves, even denying that there are the neighbouring village of Ginje side tunnels at 45 degrees—which brought about some further, very he said was a lie perpetrated by Osmanagic—but he also _ interesting, discoveries. Near the village is a large hill, and stated that he had not visited them. In short, he was next to it, in the valley below, a small tumulus. On both accusing someone of lying, though he himself could not the top of the hill and the tumulus, perfectly rectangular verify anything whatsoever! Recently, though, he has __ stone slabs have been found that are on a par with similar similar slabs found on and near the pyramids. accepted that these tunnels are not natural caves. slabs found on and near the pyramids. A tunnel of a different nature is the one that sits near the Independent researcher Nenad Djurdjevic has noted in a town's two rivers, below the grounds of the KTK factory. report, available on the Pyramid Foundation's website: Here, the walls and ceilings are much more impressive and "A few years after World War II, from the roadside many the layout itself more interesting. These tunnels are _ of the megalithic blocks were still visible lying on the top unfortunately highly unstable and prone to collapse and _ of the hill and its flanks, but...a great number of them was flooding, so little exploration has been carried out. But gradually removed by villagers during later decades and what is known is that the tunnel runs in the direction of the used for the construction of foundations, walls and Pyramid of the Sun, dipping under the River Bosna in the _ houses." very heart of the town. This, of course, suggests careful The remaining conglomerate blocks are of enormous size On both the top of the hill and the tumulus, perfectly rectangular stone slabs have been found that are on a par with similar slabs found pyramids. NEXUS ¢ 59 on and near the DECEMBER 2008 — JANUARY 2009 www.nexusmagazine.com