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mathematics, applied to quantum field theory in particular. This centres in each cell where almost, but not quite, all the energy theory explains the strange way in which the components of atoms created was destroyed. A minute net creation remained, causing work. The late, famous physicist Richard Feynman (1985) an ever-accelerating expansion of the universe. The greater the elucidated this quantum electrodynamics (QED) theory. acceleration, the greater the i-theric density needed to produce The final conclusion I reached, however, was that physicists that acceleration. This resulted in a smaller net rate of creation have blind spots that could be readily addressed by people of my since, at some high densities, primaries became so crowded that own discipline—the mathematically based but practical branch of annihilation dominated. So, a feedback mechanism existed to physics known as mechanical engineering. control the now slowly accelerating expansion. In 1987, I therefore set about trying to solve the problem of the A creation scenario had now appeared that provided a paradox- cosmological constant. Its seriousness was highlighted two years free solution to the problem of the cosmological constant and, at later when Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg (1989) published an the same time, yielded the prediction of a universe in a state of article which said that "[t]he cosmological constant represents a ever-accelerating expansion, so matching observation. This was veritable crisis for physics". predicted in 1992, long before its observation in 1998. It was clear that, to find a solution to the creation problem, it was necessary to introduce the idea of a background medium consisting ECM theory: an alternative to relativity of primary particles made of two opposite kinds of energy, positive For those who need more detail, the new approach is based on and negative. These had to be equivalent to the yin and yang of _ revisions of Newtonian mechanics as described in the new book Chinese philosophy. The two kinds form a by Pearson (2007). Revision of Newton's background that I call "i-ther", and must Two pendulum bobs cellide original mechanics was required, since it consist of a balance of these two kinds of plan view is inadequate for representing objects primary particle, the "primaries". Opposite iv moving at very high speeds or in strong kinds could cancel each other to leave the nothingness of the void—a representation of mutual annihilation. Creation would be the converse case, with nothing giving rise to opposite somethings. A basic law of physics known as the conservation of energy would be satisfied in this way, and yet the universe could arise spontaneously from nothing. , such a medium. So, both pure creation and annihilation Co Consequently, a replacement had to be could now occur. But what would , 7 derived before the creation problem could determine which case would apply in \ be fully addressed. I started from scratch given circumstances? The answer was to produce a totally different mechanics that another basic law of physics, the that did not rely on any kind of relativity conservation of momentum, also had to be theory. It had to avoid internal satisfied. What this means is explained in contradiction and incompatibility with gravitational fields. Einstein's general theory of relativity matched most observations under these circumstances, but unfortunately could not be applied to the creation problem because his postulates made his theory incompatible with the existence of any kind of background—and, of course, the i-ther is detail with reference to figure 3A1. j ENERGY quantum theory. A solution was found by Analysis then showed, as explained sahil adopting Newton's three laws of motion with reference to figure 7.6, that when Ls and Euclidean geometry, with universal primaries of opposite energies collided time and with all motion, inclusive of only two at a time then momentum light in a vacuum, measured from an conservation forced energy gains to occur. FIG, 340 THE MOMENTUM BALANCE absolute datum, meaning local space. Each primary particle gained energy of its : The resulting ECM derivation fits all own kind in balanced amounts so that, if Tests the Conservacian of mamentum the experiments, usually considered added together, the sum was zero—the Einstein's unique achievements even value of the void. Repeated collisions of many such primaries though his "time dilation" does not exist (clocks simply run slow caused a violently explosive creation. Fortunately, the amorphous due to mass increase). Does this also provide a solution for the gas-like fluid so generated was unstable. problem of quantum gravity? It certainly eliminates the If a chosen direction is considered positive, then primaries difficulties that have prevented general relativity from providing moving that way are accredited with positive momentum. this "holy grail" of the physicists after more than 60 years of futile Identical primaries moving in the opposite direction have negative worldwide effort. momentum. Hence, if large numbers arrived at a point or line Unfortunately, publication in Western journals was found to be from all possible directions, then their total momentum would be impossible. All assessors made it clear that relativity must not be zero—even before collision. This is also the condition that would challenged. Fortunately, the famous inventor of the caesium-beam result if annihilation occurred. atomic clock, Dr Louis Essen, FRS, came to the rescue by proposing So, primaries arriving from all directions yielded a condition that I deputise for him at a forthcoming scientific conference in favouring total annihilation; and since this is also the condition for Russia where, he said, I would find scientists with more open minds. minimum energy, then annihilation must occur. The whole So the ECM theory was published in the Proceedings of the rapidly growing cloud of primaries was now spontaneously self- Petrovskaja Academy of Sciences and Arts (Pearson, 1991), organised into myriad flow cells, each cell being minute even following the presentation in St Petersburg. The solution for the compared with an atom. In these, collision breeding continued at cosmological constant is embedded in a paper resulting from the an unabated rate. But now, primaries were driven to annihilation next conference in 1993 (Pearson, 1994). centres in each cell where almost, but not quite, all the energy created was destroyed. A minute net creation remained, causing an ever-accelerating expansion of the universe. The greater the acceleration, the greater the i-theric density needed to produce that acceleration. This resulted in a smaller net rate of creation since, at some high densities, primaries became so crowded that annihilation dominated. So, a feedback mechanism existed to control the now slowly accelerating expansion. A creation scenario had now appeared that provided a paradox- free solution to the problem of the cosmological constant and, at the same time, yielded the prediction of a universe in a state of ever-accelerating expansion, so matching observation. This was predicted in 1992, long before its observation in 1998. ENERGY 54 = NEXUS Fit. 340 THE MOMENTUM BALANCE ‘Tests the Conservation of mementuan www.nexusmagazine.com DECEMBER 2007 — JANUARY 2008