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the United States. In the 1950s and 1960s, movies, news articles, Pacific. These companies formed the core of the "military- books, and radio and television programs were carefully laced industrial complex". Their investors and managers began to with anticommunist messages and images designed to produce an consolidate their clout in political circles to keep the nation on a acceptance of the policies being promoted by the defence elite's wartime economic footing. A simple and vastly powerful weapon propaganda machine. that would make aircraft, bombs, missiles and attendant industries All of this activity was more than enough to stoke the fears of irrelevant would certainly be seen as a direct threat to the growing the public and encourage policy-makers to accept the Cold War power of military arsenal. Instead, a "black budget" program was view of the world. This allowed President Truman to convince put into motion which exploited the work of Robert Oppenheimer, Congress to approve a tripled military budget that provided Albert Einstein and others. The Manhattan Project, set up by the funding for secret research and development and turn a blind eye DoD in 1942, generated a vastly destructive weapon that required (in the name of national security) to "black operations" programs a well-established and unbelievably expensive aerospace industry authorised under the new Cold War rubric of "containment" and along with unprecedented levels of secrecy and autonomy from aimed at undermining otherwise peaceful nations and fomenting Congress and the public. war, torture and assassination in countries as diverse as Iran, Guatemala and Indochina. Non-Lethal Weapons Research Post-war developments in Europe, There is a long history that illustrates US especially the British withdrawal from intelligence operations had tragic results for Greece, led Truman to decide it was many involved. There was, however, no necessary to have a permanent American public debate surrounding these black presence in the old continent to counteract operations because they were classified the communist influence. General George under the guise of national security. MK- C. Marshall, the secretary of state, designed ULTRA, Project Pandora, plutonium testing a vast plan that mixed economic assistance In the quest for and many more projects conducted by the and secret actions aimed at establishing ili DoD and the CIA were exposed by democracies and making sure that voters in global military committees led by senators Rockefeller and foreign countries made "the right choice". superiority, In the late Church in the 1970s. However, tighter National Security C cil directive NSC strictions on humz i tati 10/2, essentially writen by George Kennan, | 19908 the US stepped | ixciidine accountability and transparency the US ambassador to the USSR, made up funding for the did not occur until 1997, when President official the creation of an anti- Clinton instituted revised protocols on communist interference network. concept of the "Future human experiments. Official reports At this juncture, Truman, through Warrior" with the insist that the research involving the application of the 1947 National use of advanced experiments during the 1950s through nanotechnology. Security Act and the newly formed the 1970s was destroyed. Yet, the National Security Council, authorised a scientists involved went without vast number of secret projects punishment, free to continue their involving chemical, biological, nuclear careers. and electromagnetic experiments. Given the levels of ongoing EM Former Nazis were put in charge of technology research today, and the many of the most sensitive programs recent retro-active approval of torture and facilities. The Army Ballistic allowed by the Military Commissions Missile Agency was entrusted to Act, it may be that human testing is former SS officer Wernher von Braun. occurring under post-9/11 national Kurt Debus, another ex-SS officer, security protocols. Can we accept that directed Cape Canaveral. At this time, scientists began working all the psychological research conducted with government on "black" projects in earnest, including attempts at finally funding up to the 1970s was simply destroyed? At this time, the developing the "lost" theories of Nikola Tesla, the Serbian-born American public has no way to answer this question. The current American physicist, into military and intelligence applications. administration classifies more information than any previous US Tesla developed means of remotely controlling aircraft as early administration. Declassified documents have even been recalled as 1915, foreshadowing the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) of and re-classified. today's battlefields. In 1934, Tesla offered to build a "death ray" In the 1980s, nuclear radiation experiments on humans became that would make the power of an opponent's air force obsolete. public knowledge and Russian tests making use of the EM This is one of the earliest recorded statements regarding directed- spectrum were exposed. Countries around the world passed laws energy weapons. Tesla's offer to build this device for the US and signed treaties in response to the danger of weapons that government for a bargain price, but with many caveats, was could adversely affect human behaviour or manipulate human refused by officials who preferred instead to pump money into the cognition. The Russians banned all EM weapons in 2001. These new US Army Air Corps, which in turn gave rise to the military- treaties have roots in the human radiation experiments of the aviation complex that we have today. 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. In effect, these treaties declared a basic Before the war, the airline industry was not a major part of US tenet of human rights and cognitive liberties. economic life. With huge wartime contracts, however, In the quest for global military superiority, in the late 1990s the corporations such as Hughes, McDonnell Douglas, Lockheed and US stepped up funding for the concept of the "Future Warrior" Northrop quickly grew in power commensurate with the financial with the use of advanced nanotechnology. The idea was to bonanza that was unearthed in the battlefields of Europe and the streamline the military, improve soldier performance, control the Pacific. These companies formed the core of the "military- industrial complex". Their investors and managers began to consolidate their clout in political circles to keep the nation on a wartime economic footing. A simple and vastly powerful weapon that would make aircraft, bombs, missiles and attendant industries irrelevant would certainly be seen as a direct threat to the growing power of military arsenal. Instead, a "black budget" program was put into motion which exploited the work of Robert Oppenheimer, Albert Einstein and others. The Manhattan Project, set up by the DoD in 1942, generated a vastly destructive weapon that required a well-established and unbelievably expensive aerospace industry along with unprecedented levels of secrecy and autonomy from Congress and the public. In the quest for global military superiority, in the late 1990s the US stepped up funding for the concept of the "Future Warrior" with the 14 = NEXUS APRIL — MAY 2007 use of advanced nanotechnology. www.nexusmagazi ne.com