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Scientist in May 2004, signed by 33 well-known researchers. This letter now has over 150 signatories. Advocates for the Big Bang scenario estimated the Scientist in May 2004, signed by 33 well-known researchers. proportions of light elements like hydrogen, helium and lithium This letter now has over 150 signatories. that could have been created in the BB event and found that they seemed to agree with what actually is observed in our present 3. The Scale Expanding Cosmos (SEC) theory universe. Regarding the CMB, which was thought to be The main reason why challenges to the BB have failed is that, remaining radiation from the BB, they estimated the temperature since the demise of the Steady State theory, no competing theory to be about 50 degrees Kelvin. has been available. Even if you sense that the BB must be Later, when additional observations revised the light element wrong, it is difficult to challenge it if you cannot suggest a better abundance estimates, the BB supporters repeatedly adjusted model. However, this has now changed; a better model now their assumptions about the BB to agree with the new exists. This new model resolves many cosmological puzzles and observations. Also, when the CMB temperature was found to be is so simple and elegant that you might wonder why nobody has about three degrees Kelvin instead of 50 degrees, the Big Bang thought of it before. Here it is in just a few words... scenario was adjusted to accommodate this new finding. The universe expands by changing the scale of both space and This set the stage for a development that still continues: time. whenever observations disagree with some particular prediction When the length of a metre (or foot) expands, the pace of time of the BB model, the model is adjusted to patch up the slows down, making time intervals like the second longer in disagreement. proportion. This new model explains all What cannot easily be accommodated is cosmological observations including the often blamed on "evolution", with the CMB without resorting to speculation or explanation that the observations from the evolution. In the SEC, the CMB is simply faraway earlier universe do not agree with thermalised radiation including starlight, the BB model simply because the universe which over aeons has assumed a black-body was different in the past. spectrum by redshifting. Four-dimensional It is not unusual that a patch that resolves . . scale expansion, which preserves the black- one particular problem with the BB undoes This reasoning body spectrum, makes this possible another Patel solving a oitfereny problem. suggests that the rete One bund > course, this is not science; but, since . e light element abundances may be nobody can ever know anything about the cosmological scale explained as resulting from active galaxy conainvons during the Big Bang, it is always of space and time nuclei and quasars, Me often woot), possible to explain away discrepancies . . ejecting gas in jets (Masreliez, : by adjusting the model or by invoking might be changing, Furthermore, the SEC theory tells us which is the essence evolution. what is causing the progression of time of the SEC theory. A different model gained its own and provides the missing connection followers, mainly in England: the so- between GR and QM (Masreliez, 2005a); called Steady State (SS) theory. The and it turns out that black holes cannot Steady State supporters accepted the form (Masreliez, 2004c). expanding space idea but proposed that As Einstein showed us, it is often the new matter continually is being created hidden presumptions that cause us to to fill up expanding voids between misunderstand the true nature of the galaxies. world. He showed that the pace of time In this way, the universe could keep might differ between objects in motion expanding forever without the BB. In and objects at rest and that a the 1950s, the debate ran hot between gravitational field also might influence these two camps, but the BB eventually won out because of the the pace of time. Thus, he challenged the presumption that the CMB. pace of time always is the same everywhere. The CMB is believed to be the afterglow of the BB event and The SEC theory goes one step further by proposing that the should therefore have certain characteristics. In particular, it pace of time also might change with time. When space expands, should have a Planck black-body spectrum. But this spectrum is the pace of time slows down. very difficult to explain in the steady-state, expanding space One reason why Einstein might have overlooked this scenario. possibility is that his general relativity theory does not have any When measurements eventually showed that the CMB provision for modelling a decreasing (proper) pace of time; it spectrum actually is very close to the black-body spectrum, the assumes that the pace of time for an object at rest always steady state theory lost ground and the BB theory became the remains the same. accepted paradigm for the universe. This happened 40 to 50 years ago. 4. How the SEC theory explains the universe However, the more we learn about the cosmos from new Let's consider the following thought experiment. Imagine that observations, the clearer it has become that the BB model you are the Creator, facing the task of creating something, for simply does not agree with observations. Science is now example an apple, from nothingness. What size should you confronted with a very serious problem: thousands of papers make this primordial apple? It occurs to you that since there is over the years have been written on the BB model and hundreds no reference, you could actually make it any size, like a pea, a of PhDs have been awarded for investigating particular aspects basketball or even like the Earth, provided you create all atoms of this model. However, an open letter to the science in the apple to scale. And since atoms oscillate, you would also community challenging the Big Bang was published in New have to adjust the pace of time to match. This reasoning suggests that the cosmological scale of space and time might be changing, which is the essence 4. How the SEC theory explains the universe Let's consider the following thought experiment. Imagine that you are the Creator, facing the task of creating something, for example an apple, from nothingness. What size should you make this primordial apple? It occurs to you that since there is no reference, you could actually make it any size, like a pea, a basketball or even like the Earth, provided you create all atoms in the apple to scale. And since atoms oscillate, you would also have to adjust the pace of time to match. 40 = NEXUS JUNE — JULY 2006 of the SEC theory. www.nexusmagazi ne.com