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NEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCE vectors determined from oceanic mapping. This conclusion is consistent with Earth expansion, and in fact forms the basis for model construction. vectors determined from oceanic mapping. _ the traditional migration routes of the various tectonics, where for a long time plate This conclusion is consistent with Earth species are then shown to be disrupted, _ tectonics was rejected by science because of a expansion, and in fact forms the basis for enabling species endemic to the various _ lack of a suitable cause for crustal or plate model construction. regions to interact and extend their motion. boundaries with time. The timing of species The proposed causal model for Earth Ancient Seas and Supercontinents development is then shown to be reflected expansion presented in my book involves the When I plotted the published coastal geog- _ intimately in the changes to sea level and the generation of and an increase in mass within raphy on expanding Earth models, I saw that opening of the modern oceans. This timing the core. This new matter accumulates at the the large, ancient Panthallassa, Tethys and either facilitated species migration by — core—mantle interface and the increase in vol- Iapetus oceans of plate tectonics are not pre- extending and expanding on existing me results ina swelling of the mantle. sent on a smaller-radius expanding Earth. migration routes or caused species extinction Mantle swell is then transferred to the outer Instead, this same coastal geography defines _ because of failure to adapt to the changing crust as continental crustal extension and also the presence of more restricted continental conditions. extension along the mid-ocean-rift zones. Panthallassa, Iapetus and Tethys seas, which, The distribution of climate-dependent on an expanding Earth, represent precursors rocks (such as limestone, coal and glacial to the modern Pacific and Atlantic oceans and __ rocks) as well as biotic species shows that the emergent Eurasian continent. these rocks and species coincide precisely From this coastal geography, the emergent with the climatic zones expected on an land surfaces on models of an expanding expanding Earth. Each of these climatic Earth equate to Rodinia, Gondwana and _ indicators also displays a distinct latitudinal Pangaea—the assemblages of supercontinents zonation, paralleling the ancient equator, and and smaller sub-continents of plate tectonics a distinct northward shift in climatic zonation, theory. Instead of fragments of these ancient suggesting that an inclined Earth rotational continents randomly colliding, breaking up axis—inclined to the pole of the ecliptic— and dispersing to reassemble arbitrarily as was well established during the Palaeozoic new supercontinents, the coastal geography _ era and has persisted to the present day. This matter-generation process is considered ultimately to result in a decay of the matter- formation process within the core and cessa- tion of expansion with time. So, what does the Earth really have to say? The evidence presented in my book tells us that an expanding Earth is indeed a viable an: demonstrable global tectonic process. At no stage was any fundamental physical law, apart from human comprehension, violated during this investigation. I simply remove what was not previously there (young crustal rocks), to end up with a primitive Earth on the expanding Earth models demonstrates The distribution of metals and petroleum - ssembl f Ul an evolutionary development of each of the products on an expanding Earth also shows COMPF1SINE nal assem oe th equa m4 ancient continents throughout Earth history. global clustering into distinct provinces, and primitive crustal components. I then simply displayed published physical evidence on the expanding Earth models created, and all of this evidence was shown to complement each On each expanding Earth model, this evo- the timing of formation coincides with well- lutionary development of the ancient super- established global tectonic events. The continents is found to be intimately related to _ recognition of these ancient metal and petro- , ‘ changes in sea level, with no requirement for _leum provinces on the present Earth is shown other and substantiate an Earth expansion random continental assemblage or crustal in the book to enable mineral search and = PFOCESS. . an break-up. What the coastal geography shows genetic relationships to be extended beyond While this evidence is compelling, it cer- is that the outlines of emergent superconti- their known localities. The distribution of _ tainly makes me wonder why we continue to nents are intimately related to changes in the metal deposits and the nature and styles of _ allow modern science to constrain our think- outlines of continental sedimentary basins, to mineralisation in time and space also suggest _ing to a static-radius Earth model. As I show changes incurred during crustal mobility, to that there has been an evolutionary trend in _ in my book, the physical data suggest that the climate changes, and to changes in sea levels _ the concentration of metals as well as in the __static-radius Earth of plate tectonics is a myth as the modern oceans developed and rapidly diversity of the various types of mineral and _ and that our Earth is, in reality, a terra non opened to the present day. petroleum occurrences. firma expanding Earth. oo About the Author: Dr James Maxlow is a geologist with over 30 years’ field exploration/mining experience. He gained his Master's degree in geology in 1995 and in 2002 was awarded a PhD in geology, majoring in global tectonics. He is principal researcher with Terrella Consultants, based in Western Australia, and senior project geologist with Newcrest Mining Ltd. He was a speaker at the NEXUS Conference in Brisbane last September. To obtain a copy of Dr Maxlow's book Terra Non Firma Earth (see review this issue), email Anita Maxlow at Terrellapress@ bigpond.com or purchase an e-book version from http://www.oneoffpublishing.com. Dr Maxlow can be contacted by email at TerrellaConsultants@bigpond.com. Distribution of Species and Minerals A Causal Model for Earth Expansion When examples of faunal and floral To round off the investigation into the species are plotted on expanding Earth mod- concept of an expanding Earth, I was then els, the distributions illustrate the ease and compelled at least to speculate on a causal simplification of migration and species devel- model for Earth expansion. It is emphasised opment. These cosmopolitan and provincial _ that, while speculative, this does not in any distributions and inter-relationships are main- way detract from the vast amount of tained without the need for complex plate tec- empirical global geological, geophysical and tonic continental assemblage-dispersal geographical evidence presented in the book requirements. This contrasts strongly with — to support Earth expansion. plate tectonics reconstructions, where assem- It is an unfortunate human trait that blages and movements of the continents do _ requires us instinctively to want to know or at not correspond to the known or necessary _ least comprehend the cause well before the migration routes required by the established _ evidence, which far too often blinds us from species distribution boundaries. fully understanding the physical evidence During continental break-up and opening available to us. This is equally true for Earth of the modern oceans on an expanding Earth, expansion as it originally was for plate NEXUS + 47 DECEMBER 2005 — JANUARY 2006 www.nexusmagazine.com