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NEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCE believe), crustal development on an On my expanding Earth models, this and south poles on each model constructed. expanding Earth is instead a simple, evolving break-up of the ancient continental crust This diametrically opposed clustering of and predictable crust-forming process. results in a disruption of the established polar poles is impossible on conventional plate It is significant to reiterate that on models _ice-caps, a disruption of the ancient continen- _ tectonics reconstructions, where pole data are of an expanding Earth, each of the established _ tal seas, changes to sea levels and a disruption instead used to generate complex apparent- Precambrian and Palaeozoic crustal of established climatic zones. These disrup- _ polar-wander paths. When used to determine assemblages merge together to form a global _ tive changes in turn affect plant and animal an ancient Earth radius, this same magnetic network of sedimentary basins on acommon _ species' habitats and drive the evolution of _ evidence, traditionally used to negate Earth pan-global crust. The mergence of each of _ these species, their long-term decline or their expansion, in fact confirms Earth expansion. these crustal settings shows us that global _ periodic extinction. An interrogation of published space-based crust-forming proc —such as T also show that when imposed constant geodetic solutions to the Earth's geodetic sedimentary basin extension, crust mobility, Earth surface area and constant Earth radius network, while shown to be non-conclusive, orogenesis, mountain building, distribution of premises are removed from geophysical also suggests that raw observational satellite metals, and so on—all correlate precisely observations, these same geophysical obser- data are being routinely constrained to a with the overall development of the crust. vations, when applied to models of an _ static-radius Earth, thus precluding their In my book, I show that the global network expanding Earth, demonstrate that the data _ relevance to Earth expansion. of sedimentary basins from each of the are consistent with an expanding Earth. While published geodetic measurements continents also unites to forma global Similarly, geographical and biogeographical are routinely quoted to sub-centimetre network of crustal weakness, operating information, when applied to expanding accuracy, large unexplained fluctuations in throughout the Precambrian and Palaeozoic Earth models, aptly quantifies crustal devel- Earth radius for most observation sites eras. It is within this network of global opment on an expanding Earth and quantifies _ throughout the world tell us that mathematical crustal weakness that crustal extension— the locations of the ancient magnetic poles _ solutions to the present Earth radius are not as generated during ongoing Earth expansion— and equators determined from the uncon- __ sufficiently well constrained for use in vertical is focused, as well as ongoing crustal strained geophysical data. plate motion studies as they are for horizontal mobility, mantle-derived heat flow, magmatic The application of ancient magnetic motions. For horizontal plate motion studies, activity, crustal rupture, continental break-up measurements to models of an expanding published results for current-day horizontal and the eventual opening of each of the Earth shows us that all ancient magnetic motion of the major plates are shown to be modern oceans. poles cluster as diametrically opposed north close to the million-year average-motion diderhaawe Maanran tear Stare 7. Saludos Od ote Masnndan Paredes 12 Triseake Lary Jurassic 1idjacly Cretaceous 441 ats inrseake 1ifocens tinea 1) fany Jurassic 17am Cretaceous 13-Fxecoea M-iguc ura D-Miccena f-Pliscaria M-iguc ura PiMibcena f-Pliscaria EMAecon Figure 1: The complete range of spherical Archaean to future expanding Earth geological models constructed. The models show the relative increase in Earth radii through time, and show both the continental and oceanic geology. The models range in age from the Late Archaean to the present day, and the final model (no. 24) is projected five million years into the future. 46 = NEXUS tap hotar Mesopre meozok 2La-Noo proton 20% @-fa merlin 7-Siluvien S-Late Devondan Pardes 6-Ordowiolan LEany Devonian thuterboni foros 1idjacly Cretaceous 14-Lano Juraeshe 1i-Mid Crtecoss GIOLOGIAL RECONSTRUCTIONS: 13.5015 bile www.nexusmagazine.com DECEMBER 2005 — JANUARY 2006