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YES, THE EARTH IS EXPANDING! by James Maxlow, PhD © 2005 expansion mathematically, and a means to investigate an Earth expansion process math- ematically throughout Earth history. YES, THE EARTH IS EXPANDING! expansion mathematically, and a means to The utilisation of continental crustal geolo- by James Maxlow, PhD © 2005 investigate an Earth expansion process math- gy to constrain a pre-Triassic expanding ematically throughout Earth history. Earth crustal assemblage (continental crusts n NEXUS vol. 7, no. 6 (2000), and again older than 165 million years ago) has never I: NEXUS vol. 8, no. 3 (2001), Iintro- Plate Reconstructions been done before. Early expanding-Earth duced readers to the concept of an What this mapping shows is that the post- researchers were limited simply to removing expanding Earth, whereby the Earth has been Triassic oceanic geology in particular (ocean _ the oceans and visually fitting the remaining steadily increasing its radius, and hence its crusts younger than about 165 million years _ continents together on a smaller-radius Earth, surface area, since the beginning of geologi- ago) can be used to constrain latitudinally and _ and, as previously mentioned, plate tectonics cal time some 4,600 million years ago. longitudinally and assemble crustal plates on _ researchers are constrained primarily by mag- My new book, outlining in detail the con- a smaller-radius Earth. Reconstruction of _ netic requirements, not crustal assemblage. cept of an expanding Earth, is titled Terra these crustal plates on models of an expand- Non Firma Earth: Plate Tectonics is a Myth. ing Earth consistently show that each plate Spatial Assemblage Retained It is available in e-book format from assembles with a single unique fit, with all What can be seen from the expanding http://www.oneoffpublishing.com and as a ___ plates assembling with a very high degree of Earth models (figure 1) presented in the hard copy via email at Terrellapress@ accuracy along each of the mid-ocean-rift | Terra Non Firma Earth book is that all conti- bigpond.com. zones. nental crust unites precisely to form a single In this book, I have simply treated our Earth If these oceanic plate reconstructions were _ pan-global crust during the Early Permian as just another cosmological entity, an mere coincidence, then we should expect that period and the bulk of the atmosphere and insignificant microdot amongst many, amidst the oceanic mapping, as well as evidence hydrosphere is returned to the mantle. an unimaginably vast Universe. I then looked from adjoining continents, would not match During this time, continental sedimentary at modern geological, geophysical and across plate boundaries on models of an _ basins merge to form a global network coin- geographical evidence to see not only what expanding Earth. The evidence, in fact, _ ciding with continental seas, and ancient con- has happened to our Earth since its formation, shows us that oceanic mapping does match _ tinents and seas are defined by the variation but also to see if science has in fact got the —_ across these plate boundaries, that all conti- _in coastal outlines during Earth history. interpretation of this evidence all wrong. To _ nental sedimentary basins do merge to form a When we progressively return these sedi- me, this evidence shows that the concept of an global network of continental seas, that oro- mentary basins to their pre-extension, pre-rift expanding Earth is uniquely viable and genic and fold mountain belts do coincide, _ or pre-orogenic configuration on pre-Permian represents a demonstrable global tectonic and that ancient crustal regions do assemble models of an expanding Earth (continental process. Similarly all geological, geophysical _ together exactly. crust older than 250 million years), we see and geographical information, when This assemblage of oceanic crustal plates is _ that the remaining crustal fragments making displayed on models of an expanding Earth, shown to extend back to the Triassic period up our continents retain a unique spatial substantiates an Archaean to future Earth- (200 million years ago), and demonstrates the assemblage throughout Earth history. This expansion process and far better explains this _ viability and uniqueness of a post-Triassic unique spatial assemblage is maintained readily available physical phenomenon. Earth expansion process. This contrasts throughout the long history of Precambrian By far the single most important — strongly with plate tectonics reconstructions (older than 560 million years ago) and contribution to modern scientific for the same time interval, where assemblage Palaeozoic (crust aged between 560 to 200 understanding of the concept of global of crustal plates is based on magnetic million years ago) crustal extension, prior to tectonics, and Earth expansion in particular, evidence preserved in crustal rocks and crustal rupture during the Late Palaeozoic era, has been the completion of geological constrained by latitude only. Here, complex followed by continental break-up and disper- mapping and age-dating of all the continental apparent-polar-wander paths are used to _ sal of the modern continents during opening and ocean-floor crusts. This mapping was generate random, arbitrary, amalgamation- _ of the modern oceans. not available to early researchers prior to the —_dispersal-amalgamation plate motion cycles Again, this unique assemblage of all crustal late 1980s, and has since been significantly on a constant-radius Earth. fragments on models of an expanding Earth underutilised in plate tectonic studies. The unique Earth expansion assemblage demonstrates that Earth expansion, extending In contrast to plate tectonic studies, this also contrasts strongly with the plate tectonics back to the beginning of the Earth's mapping has enabled the assemblage of all _ requirement to fragment continents arbitrarily geological past, is again viable. What these crustal plates to be accurately constrained on __ in order to comply with the oceanic mapping Archaean (crust older than 2,500 million models of an expanding Earth, and for the data. It also contrasts with the requirement to _ years) to present-day models demonstrate is first time has enabled modelling studies to be _ dispose of huge areas of inferred pre-existing _ that, rather than being a random, arbitrary, extended back to the earliest Archaean era. It crust beneath subduction zones in order to amalgamation-dispersal-amalgamation crust- has also provided a means to define Earth maintain a constant surface area. forming process (as we are currently led to NEXUS = 45 DECEMBER 2005 — JANUARY 2006 www.nexusmagazine.com