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- A Conventional View of Forces in Physics measured speed of detection of light from a distant source. With 1. Nuclear forces keep the nucleons (protons and neutrons) an electrostatic force of near-infinite speed acting between the together in the atomic nucleus. They are the dominating forces in sub-particles of all matter, relativity theory reduces to classical the nucleus, but of no importance at large distances from it. physics. This leaves open the question of what we are measuring 2a. Electric forces — a positive charge and negative charge when we determine the speed of light. attract each other, but similar charges repel. Electric forces keep The speed of light in galactic terms is exceedingly slow, the atoms together ("bind" the electrons to the nucleus). They are requiring about 150,000 years to cross our galaxy. However, the of a certain importance in the nucleus. At large distances, electric astronomer Halton Arp has shown that the redshifts of entire forces are usually not so important because of a screening effect. galaxies are quantised, which requires some form of near- For example, a positive charge attracts negative charges to its instantaneous, galaxy-wide communication at the subatomic level. neighbourhood so that they screen off the field from the positive There are now several reported experiments that demonstrate charge. faster-than-light effects. With the Special Theory gone and the 2b. Magnetic forces are closely universe in communication with its related to the electric forces. parts effectively in real time, there Because they cannot be screened can be no time travel, and space and very easily, they are more efficient at time are independent. Common larger distances than are electric . . sense has always suggested that this forces. An example is the Earth's There Is now experimental is so. magnetic field. evidence that supports the Einstein's General Theory was 3. Gravitation is much weaker . . devised to explain gravity. It than electric forces and therefore of Electric Universe model and attempts to discard the observed no importance mn the atom. “s grav discounts the General Relativity action-at-a-distance wi gravity by ation cannot be screened, it is the proposing a counterintuitive warp- dominating force at large distances. model. ing of space in the presence of mas- The orbits of the planets and the sive objects. This unnecessary motions of stars and galaxies are complication of space is then added tuled by gravitation. — H. Alfvén. to the current metaphysical con- cepts of what constitutes the mass of an object. But space must also = Quantum Theory For the first time, the highly successful quantum theory gains a "warp" at near-infinite speed to produce the observed planetary physical explanation in terms of resonant motion of charged parti- orbits. cles, mediated by a near-instantaneous electrostatic force. A Common sense, observation and parsimony of hypotheses sug- quantum electron orbit is one in which the exchange of energy gest that the electrostatic model of gravity is superior. There is between all of the sub-particles in the nucleus of an atom and now experimental evidence from gravity measurements at the those in an orbiting electron sum to zero over the orbit. Exchange time of a total solar eclipse that supports the Electric Universe of energy takes the form of distortion of a particle to form an elec- model and discounts the General Relativity model. model. = Quantum Theory EE For the first time, the highly successful quantum theory gains a physical explanation in terms of resonant motion of charged parti- cles, mediated by a near-instantaneous electrostatic force. A quantum electron orbit is one in which the exchange of energy between all of the sub-particles in the nucleus of an atom and those in an orbiting electron sum to zero over the orbit. Exchange of energy takes the form of distortion of a particle to form an elec- trostatic dipole or a move to a new resonant orbit. -E=me? Einstein's famous mathematical expression, E = mc’, equating energy and mass, is known by almost everyone. However, most textbooks go on to use the word "matter" in place of "mass". But nowhere has it been shown that mass and matter are interchange- able. In fact, we are entirely ignorant of what constitutes the mass of an object. So it is inadmissible to imply that energy and matter are interchangeable. The ultimate expression of this idea led to the nonsense of the Big Bang. It seems simpler and more sensible to suggest that both nuclear and chemical energy is released or absorbed by the rearrangement of the resonant orbits of charged particles. It is then common sense to suggest that mass is the measured response of a system of charged particles to an external electrostatic force. The more massive an object, the more the electrostatic force con- tributes to the elastic deformation of its protons, neutrons and electrons rather than their acceleration. This is the phenomenon seen in particle accelerators and conventionally attributed to rela- tivistic effects. But relativity reduces to classical physics in a uni- verse where the electrostatic force has near-infinite speed. The first question to be asked is: "If it is that simple, why hasn't it been thought of long ago?" The answer seems to lie in the propensity for mathematical theory to supersede common sense and observation. There is also a problem of language when mathematicians attempt to provide real meaning for their symbols. - Relativity Theory Einstein's Special Theory was designed to define simultaneity in a universe where the fastest force or signal was restricted to the 52 * NEXUS JUNE — JULY 2004 There is now experimental evidence that supports the Electric Universe model and discounts the General Relativity www.nexusmagazine.com