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NEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCE Figure 3 inputted, yet does not violate accepted prin- ciples of textbook physics. I feel that this Simple Magnetic Force Multiplication Experiments apparent puzzle cannot be better explained than by reference to Joe Flynn's own analy- sis of the experiment presented in Figure 3: "Since the Parallel Path System produced 3.47 times more force than the conventional system, with the same electrical input, it appears to violate conservation; this is only true when observed from a traditional view- point. The system contains three flux-pro- hom ar pap F ducing sources (two magnets and an elec- tromagnet) which together are capable of 4 J L } producing a far greater force than is actually produced. All of the flux sources together acy f * NS 5S 421 grams 1721 grams 3845 grams 1091 grams can produce a force of 13.11 units, therefore One magnet Two magnets Parallel Path Conventional in the physical sense a loss of 1 - (9.01 / 13.11) = 31% is realised." themselves. Figure 3 is a simple experiment, taken from the Flynn So the system is 347% efficient in terms of delivered magnetic website, which can be used to validate the principles put forward force compared to net electrical input, yet still conforms to the in this article. accepted physical principles of field conservation by being only An even simpler non-electrical flux experiment was proposed by 69% efficient in terms of the fields present in the system. "GM" in the Parallel Path e-group. My apparatus is illustrated in However surprising Figure 4. It is no more than magnets and steel staple strips, bought this result may from a local hardware store for a total of under US$20. The appear, the analysis Parallel Path effect can be replicated with identical apparatus, at presented is in out- Figure 5 Flux density (B) only a slight increase in cost and complexity, with the addition of a line correct, with the TT simple 12v-polarity reversible power supply, such as those com-__ difference between en monly sold to power computer speakers, among other household _ fields present in the ra applications. system and net elec- / trical input being the Fi Conserving Energy/Field Potential important concept f One of the aspects of the Flynn technology that people find most _ presented. difficult to understand is how you can have a device that delivers — ; 3.47 times more units of magnetic force than is electrically Losses in the Field intensity (H) Svstem 1721 grams Two magnets 3845 grams Parallel Path 1091 grams Conventional Conserving Energy/Field Potential One of the aspects of the Flynn technology that people find most difficult to understand is how you can have a device that delivers 3.47 times more units of magnetic force than is electrically 3.47 times more units of magnetic force than is electrically _ Losses in the | | Field intensity (H) System Figure 4 In order to optimise flux cores, an appreciation of the physics In the PP e-group, GM proposed a simple experiment to illustrate | that underlies the transfer of flux within a core is required. The how small changes in layout can alter magnetic force in cores. | 0!mal magnetisation curve, or B-H curve, is a mathematical rela- Experiment done with $20 of parts from local hardware stores. tionship between applied field intensity, H, and resultant flux den- sity manifested in the core, B. It varies according to core material, and the curve will shift if there is a starting magnetism within the core, such as that provided by the field of a permanent magnet. If the starting magnetism is excessive, the core is saturated and will not properly respond to the applied force, H. A simple B-H curve is illustrated in Figure 5. Hysteresis is a delay between applied magnetic force, H, and resultant flux density, B, that again varies according to material type. It also manifests as a delay between the termination of force, H, and the manifestation of flux density, B. So, in simple terms, the system will not turn on instantly and will not turn off instantly. This is because the magnetic memory of the core means that a flux vector remains within it, even when the application of magnetic force, H, has been terminated. If we apply a reversed force, H, to the core, the basic B-H curve is now expanded, as in Figure 6, with the memory effect also illustrated. In order to return to the initial switched state, the remanent mag- netism must now be overcome, hence input once in operation will be greater than that required for the very first pulse. The area within the hysteresis curve gives a rough estimate for the amount 40 = NEXUS Simple Magnetic Force Multiplication Experiments www.nexusmagazine.com DECEMBER 2003 — JANUARY 2004