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step down the frequency of the oscillations so that normal loads could be powered. For instance, Moray often disconnected the bank of lamps and connected a flat iron, which heated up as nor- mal. Such a load would not be able to use the high-frequency cur- rents initially generated by the receiver. The principle behind stepping down the frequency involved sub-harmonic octaves, but exactly how this worked is unknown. Much the same can be said for many of the internal components of the receiver as a whole. The only components that were given any detailed description are the ionic oscillators, which stored the incoming energy through a process of resonance. These devices operated on the principle of ion interaction of gases resulting in oscillation. Each consisted of a thin wire running up the middle of a cylinder fabricated from some catalyst; the whole construc- tion was then mounted inside a glass tube filled with low-pressure the ionised gas would become conductive and dump all of its stored energy into a condenser before discharging into a coil. The coil in turn, being part of a transformer, would then resonate up another ionic oscillator; this process continuing down the system, building up usable power ready to be delivered to the output load. Still, of all the components that made up Moray's energy receiver, the crystal remains the greatest mystery. of the receiver as a whole. The only components that were given MORAY AND THE TRANSISTOR any detailed description are the ionic oscillators, which stored the One of the greatest developments of modern electronic science incoming energy through a process of resonance. These devices is undoubtedly the invention of the transistor. However, the histo- operated on the principle of ion interaction of gases resulting in __ ry of its invention and development is somewhat unclear, leaving oscillation. Each consisted of a thin wire running up the middle a blurred chronology. The official line is that in 1956 William of a cylinder fabricated from some catalyst; the whole construc- Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain received the Nobel tion was then mounted inside a glass tube filled with low-pressure Prize for the invention of the transistor in 1947-48. gas. The transistor is constructed as two rectifiers connected back to When the high-frequency voltage reached the central conductor —_ back. This construction is clearly represented in Moray's dia- (the thin wire), coronal discharge formed around it—an indication grams of the detector tube used in the radiant energy receiver: that the low-pressure gas molecules were becoming negatively two pieces of Swedish Stone connected back to back, forming ionised and accelerated away three connections. towards the cylinder catalyst. One individual who was often in Meanwhile, there were positive contact with Moray and who wit- ions being formed and accelerated nessed the radiant energy receiver on ny fom ts culytovan te | What makes Moray's transistor ff vis! sions nas Dr Hany gas ions and the positive catalyst or detector tube different from head of the Bell Laboratories depart- Iyinteacted fora shor period or | __ these other crystal devices transistor, Could it be tha twas in time. However, some of the nega- Is that it could tap into cosmic fact Moray who invented the transis- tive gas ions outside the free mean tor and not Shockley? It is certainly path reached the catalyst cylinder energy as well as act aS a true that the modern semiconductor and became neutralised. These basic electronic device. diode used for radio reception was neutralised gas molecules made originally developed from the crystal their way back to the coronal dis- detector. So it is more than possible charge around the central conduc- that the transistor had a similar ori- tor, and then they would again gin, as a transistor is no more than become ionised and repeat the two diodes connected back to back. process. This action formed an oscillator as the molecules flowed However, Moray is not the only one to have invented a crystal back and forth between the central conductor and the cylindrical transistor. catalyst. Robert Adams, the famous aether-technologist who invented There was also a second mode of oscillation formed by the the pulsed motor-generator, claims to have invented a similar interaction of negative and positive ions. When these two inter- device during the years 1929-33. While experimenting with a acted, they formed a vibrating dipole for a short period of time, crystal set radio, Adams formed a contact between two detector much like two masses held together by a spring. These interac- crystals and, making a connection at this junction, thus formed a tions emitted high-frequency electromagnetic waves. transistor many years before Shockley and his team did. Moray's construction also created a high faradic capacity There are many others who can make similar claims. through the large charge potential formed across the device. Curiously, these crystal detectors and transistors are superior to These ionic oscillations were set up so as to be synchronised with their modern semiconductor counterparts as they have higher the frequency of the incoming currents or vibrations of the uni- gain, generate less electrical noise and in some cases can handle verse. In general, though, the oscillators tended to be somewhat = much higher power levels. What makes Moray's transistor or unstable, so it was left to the tuned LC circuits to give the system detector tube different from these other crystal devices is that it frequency stability. could tap into cosmic energy as well as act as a basic electronic Moray stated that the general laws of electricity, such as Ohm's device. law, do not apply in ionised gases, and so other rules come into play. In the process of resonance, short impulses of oscillation | RADIOACTIVITY AND TRANSMUTATION build up in the resonator, forming a powerful oscillation. By the 1940s, Moray became interested in the works of Gustave Eventually the oscillation becomes so intense that the resonator LeBon and his theories of radioactivity. LeBon suggested that self-destructs. A wine glass subjected to intense sonic pulses will natural radioactive decay was due to heavy nuclei being bombard- slowly resonate up until it rings and finally cracks. ed by cosmic energy. This is quite contrary to the orthodox belief The same effect occurred in Moray's ionic oscillators. The that radioactive decay is simply the product of the instability of short impulses of radiant energy would be gradually stored in the certain nuclear m: - ionised gas. Eventually the gas molecules would take on a pure Obviously this idea of radioactive decay by some sort of radiant harmonic vibration until the oscillation became too intense. Then energy was very much of interest to Moray, particularly as such What makes Moray's transistor or detector tube different from these other crystal devices is that it could tap into cosmic energy as well as act as a basic electronic device. RADIOACTIVITY AND TRANSMUTATION By the 1940s, Moray became interested in the works of Gustave LeBon and his theories of radioactivity. LeBon suggested that natural radioactive decay was due to heavy nuclei being bombard- ed by cosmic energy. This is quite contrary to the orthodox belief that radioactive decay is simply the product of the instability of certain nuclear masses. Obviously this idea of radioactive decay by some sort of radiant energy was very much of interest to Moray, particularly as such NEXUS = 57 OCTOBER — NOVEMBER 2001 www.nexusmagazine.com