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NEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCE Force rom its original position. As the electron is in this "biased" orbit, it takes time for the system to return to equi- librium. It can take the electron a number of revolutions before reaching stability, and this increases the chance of having an over- shoot in the opposite direction. However, the following overshoot is always less severe than the previous overshoot, as the system is uniformly becoming more stable. However, if this applied force is pulsed in phase with the direction of the electron travel, then this electron lead time can be sustained over a longer period of time, pro- ducing an amplified effect of the momen- tum biasing. Consider that this electron lead-time is then applied to an accelerating system. When the nucleus starts to accelerate, the electron is left behind and its orbit ellipses in the direction opposite to the forward motion. Then simultaneously apply this pulsed boost to the electron, and the elec- tron can at least accelerate at the same rate as the nucleus. This alone cancels the effects of inertia. However, if this pulse biases the electron ellipse in the same direction as travel, then the object moves much more easily. As an electron moves near to the speed Nucleus Path of orbit > aan ~# ) beeen wl a SS Fagure 2 effect can be observed. Once the velocity reaches 10 m/s, it is held constant. There will be no inertia effect until the velocity is increased from 10 m/s to 20m/s, i.e., the mass accelerates. Thus, the inertia effects are only observed during acceleration. the theory of gravity. The electrons ina gravity field are defined as any other particle. Referring to figure 5, imagine that the electrons are rotating around the x-axis and that gravity is acting along the y-axis. The force of gravity acting on the electron causes it to increase infinitesimally in velocity when swinging down towards Earth, and to decrease infinitesimally in velocity when rotating up past the nucleus. This causes the bias of momentum in the downward direction and hence causes objects to move towards the larger mass, i.e., the Earth. This effect could be labelle as the gravity limit. Therefore, in the gravity field the elliptical orbit of the electron is being distorted by two components. If the system accelerates, the electrons can be distorte horizontally with respect to adjacent particles (electron lag). Also due to the force of gravity, electrons are distorte' downwards (gravity limit). The electron orbit therefore resides as a component of the two distortions. Force Elliptical Distortion and Electron Lag Now, observe the effects on the extracted single atom and electron analogous to fig- ure 3. The large sphere, representing the nucleus, accelerates in the real world. Consequently, as the sphere moves, the elastic band stretches and the ball-bearing is displaced a further distance from the nucleus. The band continues to be stretched until the acceleration is cancelled, caused by the elastic band pulling the ball- bearing back into a stable position. On the electron level, when the accelera- tion occurs the electron's orbit becomes distorted into an elliptical plane. The orbit becomes "lop-sided", creating an out-of- balance force in one direction (figure 4). For the duration of the applied acceleration, the biased direction is opposite to that of the applied force. Once the acceleration stops, the electron catches up with the atom and the system returns to equilibrium. The elliptical distortion created in this manner is the force we call inertia. It is the out-of-balance force which tries to take the atom in the opposite direction to the applied force. This could be labelled as electron lag. schemata” Eikemmnallidenneemdiemmnelt themes —ineenelichamel bearing back into a stable position. Electron Lead Time On the electron level, when the accelera- What would happen if it were possible to tion occurs the electron's orbit becomes create an elliptical out-of-balance force distorted into an elliptical plane. The orbit opposite to that above? Not only would becomes "lop-sided", creating an out-of- inertia be cancelled, but also a bias, oppo- balance force in one direction (figure 4). _ site to the sign of inertia, would exist. This For the duration of the applied acceleration, could be called electron lead time. the biased direction is opposite to that of Take a high-energy system such as in the applied force. Once the acceleration figure 2, where initially the angular veloci- stops, the electron catches up with the atom _ ty is constant and the electron orbit is cir- and the system returns to equilibrium. cular. Now imagine the system is suddenly The elliptical distortion created in this removed from a state of equilibrium, not by manner is the force we call inertia. Itis the accelerating the nucleus but by exciting the out-of-balance force which tries to take the electron. This causes the electron to speed atom in the opposite direction to the up and, providing it doesn't leave orbit, the applied force. This could be labelled as _ path of the electron becomes much more electron lag. elliptical (figure 6). If the electron has enough momentum, it can slightly displace The Gravity Limit the nucleus. This principle can also be extended to This can be imagined as the ball-bearing Ficure 3 originally swinging around the large ae _——_ sphere on the end of the elastic band. a a Suddenly the ball-bearing is hit in the f 7, ss ‘. direction it is going, effectively giving é ‘, it a boost. If the ball-bearing can f Large epleere — Elastic ‘ swing out at such a high velocity past | band the large sphere without the band | @u- “small ball] S"apping, it pulls the sphere along in | the same direction it is going. As the ball-bearing swings back the other , ra way, the sphere moves back towards “, r its original position but does not have cd ae enough momentum to reach it. Consequently, the nucleus is displaced \ ) earn Figure 5 48 = NEXUS APRIL — MAY 2001 www.nexusmagazine.com