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Excitotoxins: Dangerous Food Additives Neurotoxins: Selectivity, Specificity, and Res.18:283-294, 1988. Continued from page 36 Mechanisms of Action", Neurosci. Research 15. Parsons, R.B., Waring, R.H. et al., "In vitro Bull. 19(4), 1981. effect of the cysteine metabolites homocysteic uptake by astrocytes as well, which would 7. Blackstone, C.D. and Huganir, R.L., acid, homocysteine and cysteic acid upon significantly increase extracellular gluta- "Molecular Structure of Glutamate Receptor human neuronal cell lines", Neurotoxicology mate levels.43 This creates a vicious cycle Channels", in Stone, T.W. (ed.), CNS 19:599-603, 1998. that will multiply any resulting damage and Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: 16. Esskes, T.K., "Neural tube defects, vita- malfunctioning of neurophysiological sys- Glutamate, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1995, pp. mins and homocysteine", Eur. J. Pediatr. 157(Suppl 2):S139-S141, 1998. tems, such as plasticity. 53-67. 17. McCaddon, A., Daves, G. et al., "Total 8. "Analysis of Adverse Reactions to serum homocysteine in senile dementia of Endnotes Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)", Life Sciences Alzheimer type", J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 13:235- Research Office, FASEB, July 1995. 1. Ikonomidou, C. and Turski, L., "Glutamate 239, 1998. 9. Blaylock, R.L., Excitotoxins: The Taste in Neurodegenerative Disorders", in Stone, 18. Banks, J.C. et al., "Retinal pathology in That Kills, Health Press, Santa Fe, 1997, pp. T.W. (ed.), CNS Neurotransmitters and Alzheimer's disease. I. Ganglion cell loss in 248-254. Neuromodulators: Glutamate, CRC Press, foveal/parafoveal retina", Neurobiol. Aging 10. Olney, J.W., "Glutamate: a neurotoxic Boca Raton, 1995, pp. 253-272. 17:377-384, 1996. 2. Whetsell, W.O. and Shapira, N.A., transmitter", J. Child Neurol. 4:218-226, 1989. 19. Onanow, C.W., "A radical hypothesis for "Biology of Disease. Neuroexcitation, excito- 11. Choudhary, P., Malik, V.B. et al., "Studies neurodegeneration", Trends in Neurosci. toxicity and human neurological disease", Lab. on the effect of monosodium glutamate on 16:439-444, 1993. Invest. 68:372-387, 1993. hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation, calci- 20. Aisen, P.S. and Davis, K.L., "Inflammatory 3. Lucas, D.R. and Newhouse, J.P., "The toxic um, ascorbic acid and glutathione and its mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: implica- effect of sodium L-glutamate on the inner layer dependent enzymes in adult male mice", tions for therapy", Am. J. Psych. 151:1105- of the retina", Arch. Opthalmol. 58:193-201, Toxicol. Lett. 89:71-76, 1996. 1113, 1994. 1957. 12. Plaitakis, A. and Caroscio, J.T., "Abnormal 21. Murphey, T., Parikh, A. et al., 4. Olney, J.W., "Brain lesions, obesity, and glutamate metabolism in amyotrophic lateral "Arachidonic acid metabolism in glutamate other disturbances in mice treated with sclerosis", Ann. Neuro.22:575-579, 1987. neurotoxicity", Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 559:474- monosodium glutamate", Science 165:719- 13. Blaylock, R.L., "Neurodegeneration and 477, 1989. 721, 1969. aging of the central nervous system: 22. Smith, M.A., Richey, P.I. et al., 5. Pol, A.N.V., Wuarin, J.-P. and Dudek, E., Prevention and treatment by phytochemicals "Widespread peroxynitrite-mediated damage "Glutamate, the dominant excitatory transmit- and metabolic nutrients", Integrative Med. in Alzheimer's disease", J. Neurosci. ter in neuroendocrine regulation", Science 1:117-133, 1998. 250:1276-1278, 1990. 14. Olney, J.W., "Excitotoxic food additives: Continued on page 82 6. Coyle, J.T. et al., "Excitatory Amino Acid functional teratological aspects", Prog. Brain JUNE – JULY 2000 NEXUS • 81