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Matter consists not of particles acting alone, nor of waves of mysterious energy. All . matter consists of a sea of spinning particles . . | acting in influence of each other. Hence, r j when Einstein measured an increase in volt- ‘ / age at the angle of incidence to the beam of light, he was in fact measuring particle spin acceleration (see figure 4). . So far it has been stated that the atomic . : mass of the elements, light and even elec- / ‘ tricity are all due to particle spin. For this ‘ theory to be correct, there must be a direct : relationship between these factors. Physicist Neils Bohr demonstrated that a . direct relationship exists between the atomic . . . weight of the elements and their X-ray spec- A : tra. In fact, this relationship proved so sim- ple that it became possible to fix, without ambiguity, the atomic number to all ele- ments. In the visible light spectrum, Rydberg succeeded in tracing a general relationship : between the hydrogen spectrum and the spectra of other elements. This relationship of the elements with the hydrogen spectrum and the atomic weight leads one to regard . each separate electromagnetic spectrum as a signature of the spin velocity of a particle in : the accelerated state. When the spectra, for which Rydberg's laws hold, are excited by means of electric Figure 1. All matter consists of a sea of particles whose direction of spin determines their discharge, they are often called the "spark charge. spectra". Fowler found that the Rydberg constant is multiplied by four when particles Einstein, in 1905, noticed that electricity could be measured in are exposed to such a strong discharge. If each spectrum is the reflection of light off a metal surface. He believed that the nature of PSV, then the 4x relationship found by Fowler is indica- light must be pushing electrons out of the metal. This cannot be __ tive of accelerated particle spin when an electrical discharge is the case, however, as it is known that long-term exposure to light effected. does not cause any change in the metal's atomic structure. In As stated previously, an element consists of particles with com- accordance with this theory, Einstein's experiment indicated a mon spin velocities. Electricity results when a significant differ- direct relationship between the many forms of electromagnetism. ence in particle spin is caused to exist within such an element. Potential difference (voltage) is defined therefore as the difference in spin velocity <——"_ Frequency of oscillations, cycles per second (Hertz) <==" | between the particles in a body. Two com- mon examples are electricity flow through a 107 10” 10" 10 10° 102 10 10° 10* length of copper wire and a lightning flash in the atmosphere. The same effect can be reproduced as sta- tic electricity when low PSV materials (such 10" 10" 10° 10% 0° 10° 102 1 10* as textiles) are rubbed together, creating an acceleration of particle spin on the surface of the object. This effect is very weak, how- ever, and the spin velocity of the adjacent wavelength neres —— > visible light spectrum particles soon brings the accelerated parti- [| cles back to normal spin velocity. . WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY violet “Tt f * ~ orange In the 1890s Max Planck noticed hints, in blue ie the shape of the spectrum of light emitted by very hot objects, that something might be missing in our understanding of light, for light appeared to travel both as particles and as waves. This observation creates a serious Figure 2. The spectrum of electromagnetic waves, running from radio waves at very long wavelengths (very low frequencies) to gamma rays at very short wavelengths (very high requencies). Einstein, in 1905, noticed that electricity could be measured in the reflection of light off a metal surface. He believed that the light must be pushing electrons out of the metal. This cannot be the case, however, as it is known that long-term exposure to light does not cause any change in the metal's atomic structure. In accordance with this theory, Einstein's experiment indicated a direct relationship between the many forms of electromagnetism. radio waves visible light spectrum. violet “Tt f * ® orange blue Nes 38 + NEXUS JUNE — JULY 1999