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In contemplating this, we would like to discourage the consid- Interestingly, however, it is impossible to move backwards eration of any theory that would depict a process as its theme, through the realm of energy to produce work, hence to produce because a process is simply a recipe for change and offers no motion, even in a tiny sprout, without converting to a force first. solution. Behind the recipe are the ingredients, and behind the As before, there is not a single scientist, engineer, physicist or ingredients are their biological beginnings, and behind their bio- mathematician in the entire world who would challenge the pri- logical beginnings are the forces that put them into residence— macy of this axiom. It is simply outside the realm of debate! It and this is really where we want to be! So, by definition, a unify- should be strongly emphasised that any scientific theory that ing theory must be one that describes the forces that put the sys- bases its explanations for motive powers on energy sources is in tem into motion. This has been put in concise language by James serious need of revision. Bowles, who is a retired civil engineer and physics teacher:'® There are other natural events and circumstances whose expla- ..a force, and only a force can produce motion. Energy can't nations are outside of the scope of orthodoxy, not the least of do it, neither can momentum or inertia... Nature must con - which are the origins of earthquakes, volcanoes, the Earth's mag- vert the influence to a force before there can be any motion netic field, the ice ages, fossils on mountain-tops, trees on ocean or work performed... If there is motion, bottoms, sandy ocean beaches at 15,000-foot i.e., if the wind is blowing, or the clouds . . elevations, ancient coral in northern ocean are moving, whether the Himalayan ... inthe history of Lake waters and, one of the most obvious of all, mountains are rising, or we see a streak TH R the terrain around Lake Titicaca in the of lightning, we know a force has Titicaca lies one of the Peruvian Andes. caused it. This principle is so funda - best records of Here, in the history of Lake Titicaca, lies mental, so straightforward in its impli - . one of the best records of catastrophic Earth cations, that it is a pure waste of a per - catastrophic Earth changes in existence. The lake, about 140 son's time and energy to worry about changes in existence. miles long by 70 miles wide, is situated 360 any of it until the forces involved have miles east of Nasca, as the crow flies, and been identified. It is fundamental! lies right on the border between Peru and The insistence that a unifying theory has its foundation based Bolivia at an elevation of about 12,500 feet. Graham Hancock, on forces is also expressed in the same apt form by Mac Strain:"' author of the best-selling Fingerprints of the Gods," tells the Scientists would like to reduce the explanation of each story, which I paraphrase: phenomenon into a fundamental equation... If we were to Though now more than two miles above sea level, the area reduce the Dynamic Axis Theory into a fundamental equa - around Lake Titicaca is littered with millions upon millions of tion, it would have to be F = ma... fossilised sea shells. This suggests that at some stage the whole There is an elemental beauty in this doctrine, in that whenever of the Altiplano was forced upwards from the sea bed. It has motions are delineated and forces defined, we can describe the retained, until the present day, ocean marine rather than fresh- event with elemental certainty and arbitrate the cause. Who, if I water fish and crustacea, and the lake's extent appears to have may paraphrase Professor Thomas Henry Huxley, would withhold fluctuated enormously, indicated by the existence of an ancient agreement? There is not a single scientist, engineer, physicist or strand line visible on much of the surrounding terrain. Much mathematician in the entire world who would challenge the pri- harder to explain is the irrefutable evidence that the city of macy of forces to accomplish work—and for the inner cellular Tiahuanaco was once a port, complete with extensive docks, posi- forces of a tiny seed to crack the shell and produce a sprout, this is tioned right on the shore of Lake Titicaca. Tiahuanaco's ruins are a feat of work, pure and simple. It is simply outside the realm of | now marooned about 12 miles south of the lake and more than debate! 100 feet higher than the present shore line. There is a corollary beauty derived from this axiom, in that force and motion actually define the concept of work, and, SEA MOUNTS AND HOT SPOTS sequentially, work defines the level or the expenditure of energy. Let's go back now and look at the circumstance of the Hawaiian tha + A tae Man D Cteni 7 catastrophic Earth changes in existence. SEA MOUNTS AND HOT SPOTS Let's go back now and look at the circumstance of the Hawaiian Islands arc that we mentioned earlier. Mac B. Strain, now retired, was a professional civil engineer with the US Geological Survey, National Mapping Division. He'd held previous positions as Chief of the Technical Service Unit and as Chief of the Technical Planning Section, among other similar positions. His book, The Earth's Shifting Axis, introduces a concept that he calls the Dynamic Axis Theory. This theory suggests that the Earth's rotational axis, in an other- wise stable planetary mould, shifts position, forcing a new equato- rial definition. In consequence, there are corresponding changes in elevation at all latitudes associated with the shift meridian. Critical to this concept is the theory of the existence of magma seas whose radial influence puts pressure upon the underside of the crust. This pressure, by Strain's analysis, creates tensile stresses that initiate crustal fracturing and magma intrusions, and relates to the theory of magma upwelling in crustal spreading zones along mid-ocean ridges. Strain is explicit in his announcement—and he has my full endorsement—that these magma-sea intrusions are totally inca- pable of propelling the crust in any lateral dimension whatsoever. Northern zone Non of depression Northern / zone of elevation for N' \ Southern zone of elevation for N' Southern zone 1 of depression N for N' 30 + NEXUS APRIL —- MAY 1999 Titicaca lies one of the best records of Figure 6: The concept of Mac Strain's Dynamic Axis Theory, showing zones of elevation and depression.