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shipment. Little did he know then that he would do much better business in the near future. Wellington's attacks from the south, and other defeats, eventu- ally forced Napoleon to abdicate. Louis XVIII was crowned King and Napoleon was exiled from France to Elba, a tiny island off the coast of Italy, supposedly for ever. shipment. Little did he know then that he would do much better again. Napoleon returned to Paris a hero. King Louis fled into business in the near future. exile and Napoleon again ascended the French throne—this time, Wellington's attacks from the south, and other defeats, eventu- without a shot being fired. ally forced Napoleon to abdicate. Louis XVIII was crowned King In March 1815, Napoleon equipped an army which Britain's and Napoleon was exiled from France to Elba, a tiny island off Duke of Wellington defeated less than 90 days later at Waterloo. the coast of Italy, supposedly for ever. He borrowed five million pounds from the Ouvard banking house in Paris in order to re-arm. Nevertheless, from about this point 13. DEMISE OF THE FIRST BANK OF THE UNITED on, it was not unusual for privately controlled central banks to STATES AND THE WAR OF 1812 finance both sides in a war. While Napoleon was in exile, temporarily defeated by England Why would a central bank finance opposing sides in a war? with the financial help of the Rothschilds, America was trying to Because war is the biggest debt-generator of them all. A nation break free of its central bank as well. will borrow any amount for victory. The ultimate loser is lent just In 1811, a bill was put before Congress to renew the charter of enough to hold out the vain hope of victory, and the ultimate win- the Bank of the United States. The debate grew very heated and ner is given enough to win. Besides, such loans are usually condi- the legislature of both Pennsylvania and Virginia passed resolu- tional upon the guarantee that the victor will honour the debts of tions asking Congress to kill the bank. the vanquished. Only the bankers cannot lose. The press corps of the day attacked the bank openly, calling it The site of the Waterloo battlefield is about 200 miles northeast "a great swindle", a "vulture", a "viper", and a "cobra". Oh, to of Paris, in what today is Belgium. There, Napoleon suffered his have an independent press once again in America! final defeat, but not before thousands of Frenchmen and A Congressman named P. B. Porter attacked the bank from the Englishmen gave their lives on a steamy summer day in June floor of Congress, prophetically warning that if the bank's charter 1815. were renewed, Congress "will have planted in the bosom of this On that day, 18 June, 74,000 French troops met 67,000 troops Constitution a viper, which one day or another will sting the liber- from Britain and other European nations. The outcome was cer- ties of this country to the heart". tainly in doubt. In fact, had Napoleon attacked a few hours earli- Prospects didn't look good for the bank. Some writers have er, he would probably have won the battle. claimed that Nathan Rothschild But no matter who won or lost, back warned that the United States would in London Nathan Rothschild find itself involved in a most disas- planned to use the opportunity to try trous war if the bank's charter were to seize control over the British not renewed. But it wasn't enough. Why would a central bank finance stock-and-bond market. The follow- When the smoke had cleared, the . . . 0) B ing account is hotly disputed by the renewal bill was defeated by a single opposing sides In a War! ecause Rothschilds. vote in the House and was dead- | war is the biggest debt-generator Rothschild stationed a trusted locked in the Senate. agent, a man named Rothworth, on By now, America's fourth of them all. A nation will borrow the north side of the battlefield, closer President, James Madison, was in the n m n f I vi Ir to the English Channel. Once the White House. Remember, Madison a y amou t 0 cto y: battle had been decided, Rothworth was a staunch opponent of the bank. took off for the Channel. He deliv- His Vice President, George Clinton, ered the news to Nathan Rothschild a broke a tie in the Senate and sent the First Bank of the United States—the full 24 hours before Wellington's own courier. second privately owned central bank based in America—into Rothschild hurried to the stock market and took up his usual oblivion. Thus, the Third American Bank War, lasting 20 years, position in front of an ancient pillar. All eyes were on him. The ended in defeat for the Money Changers. Rothschilds had a legendary communication network. If Within five months, as Rothschild was said to have predicated, Wellington had been defeated and Napoleon were loose on the England attacked the United States and the War of 1812 was on. Continent again, Britain's financial situation would become grave But the British were still busy fighting Napoleon, and so the War indeed. Rothschild looked saddened. He stood there motionless, of 1812 ended in a draw in 1814. eyes downcast. Then, suddenly, he began selling. It is interesting to note that, during this war, the US Treasury Other nervous investors saw that Rothschild was selling. It printed some government paper money, not bearing interest, to could only mean one thing: Napoleon must have won; fund the war effort—an act not repeated until the Civil War. Wellington must have been defeated. The market plummeted. Though the Money Changers were temporarily down, they were Soon, everyone was selling their consols—their British govern- far from out. It would take them only another two years to bring ment bonds and other stocks—and prices dropped. Then in a fourth private central bank, bigger and stronger than before. Rothschild and his financial allies started secretly buying through agents. 14. THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO, 1815 Myths, legends, you say? One hundred years later, the New But now let's return for a moment to Napoleon. This episode York Times ran a story which said that Nathan Rothschild's grand- aptly demonstrates the cunning of the Rothschild family in gain- son had attempted to secure a court order to suppress a book con- ing control of the British stock market after Waterloo. taining this stock market story. The Rothschild family claimed In 1815, a year after the end of the War of 1812, Napoleon the story was untrue and libellous, but the court denied the escaped his exile and resumed to Paris. French troops were sent Rothschilds' request and ordered the family to pay all court costs. out to capture him, but such was his charisma that the soldiers ral- Continued on page 81 lied around their old leader and hailed him as their Emperor once 14. THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO, 1815 But now let's return for a moment to Napoleon. This episode aptly demonstrates the cunning of the Rothschild family in gain- ing control of the British stock market after Waterloo. In 1815, a year after the end of the War of 1812, Napoleon escaped his exile and resumed to Paris. French troops were sent out to capture him, but such was his charisma that the soldiers ral- lied around their old leader and hailed him as their Emperor once 16 = NEXUS any amount for victory. FEBRUARY — MARCH 1999