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The mechanism is based on a formula involving the geometrical progression of centrifugal effects; that is, the formula for calculat- ing centrifugal force, which is a simple methodology (see Technical Appendix). THE ICE-CAP IN MOTION Two distinctly separate physical functions are discernible in the ice-cap. The first is the centrifugal momentum causing the crust to change its position in relation to the poles. When the crust comes to a standstill for want of sufficient force, the second func- tion, that of the wedge, commences to build pressure of tremen- dous potential—500 times the force produced by the ice-cap— that would continue to build at the rate of 500 times the increasing pressure until it finally split the crust. Then the pressure drops and the first function would take hold and once again begin moving the crust. This alternating action would continue until the ice-cap is destroyed by the equatorial sun. The wedge does not multiply the power of the centrifugal momentum as such. The power disposed for the crust's move- ment remains the same, but the static pressure that would fracture the crust and thereby permit the ice-cap's centrifugal momentum to start crustal movement would be multiplied by 500. The wedge has likely been functioning ever since the first per- manent snow fell on the Antarctic continent; it is, for the moment, probably still functioning today. At the same time, the centrifugal momentum of the ice-cap may be patiently standing by, waiting for the crust to fracture. Is it awaiting that moment when the crust fractures to release an ice-cap larger than the United States and Mexico combined" for a holocaust-like journey toward the equator? Only time will tell. oo Endnotes 1. Noone, Richard W., 5/5/2000: Ice, The Ultimate Disaster, Crown Publishing, New York, 1982, 1986 (revised 1997), pp. 313-14. 2. ibid., p. 307. 3. Hamaker, John D., The Survival of Civilization, Hamaker-Weaver, Burlingame, 1982, pp. 69-74. 4. op. cit., p. 25. 5. op. cit., p. 125. 6. op. cit., p 165. 7. op. cit., p. 88. 8. Bull, Colin, Snow Accumulation in Antarctica, Institute of Polar Studies, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 1971. 9. Noone, op. cit., p. 326. 10. Hapgood, Charles H., Path of the Pole, Chilton, New York, 1970, p. 338. 11. ibid. 12. op. cit., p. 27; data according to J. Tuzo Wilson. 13. Runcorn, S.K. (Ed.), Continental Drift, Academy Press, New York, 1962, p. 143; according to Campbell. 14. Deutsch, Ernst R., "Polar Wandering and Continental Drift", in Munyan, Arthur C. (Ed.), Polar Wandering and Continental Drift, Society of Mineralogists, Tulsa, Special Publication No. 10, July 1963. 15. Markowitz, William and Guinot, B., Continental Drift, Secular Motion of the Pole and Rotation of the Earth, International Astronomical Union Symposium No. 2, Dordrecht, Holland; Reidel, 1968; Springer, New York, 1968. 16. World Book Science Annual, 1975, p. 96. See also World Book Encyclopedia, vol. A, p. 323, 1955 edition, which stated that the Antarctic con- tinent was only "two-thirds as large as North America". Editor's Note: Due to space constraints we are postponing our promised summa- ty of climate change reports until the next issue of NEXUS—by which time there will be even more conflicting news to report! Is it awaiting that moment when the crust fractures to release an About the Author " Lihe Au hor: is th th § 5/5/2000: lee. The Ulti ice-cap le than the United States and Mexico combined’ for < ichard W. Noone is the author o : Ice, The Ultimate To OT eg ne com IES Disaster, first published in 1982, and republished in 1986 by Harmony Books, a division of Crown Publishers, New York (revised Three Rivers Press/Crown edition, 1997). olocaust-like journey toward the equator? Only time will tell. oo TECHNICAL APPENDIX It is assumed that the entire resistance to the motion of the The calculations of the centrifugal effect of the present __ lithosphere arises from the fact that the Earth is not a perfect Antarctic ice-cap and the resulting bursting stress on the sphere but an oblate spheroid. The tangential, or shearing, crust were worked out by Campbell. The phraseology here stresses between the lithosphere and the underlying is in part that of Dr John M. Frankland, of the US Federal — asthenosphere are considered negligible because of the time Bureau of Standards, who was kind enough to review the _ factor and because of the assumed viscosity of the asthenos- calculations. phere. If one considers the great circle passing through the centre a. Centrifugal Effect of the Rotation of the Antarctic of gravity of the ice-cap, at right angles to the meridian of Ice-cap: centrifugal thrust of the ice-cap, it is evident that the circum- Assume isostatic adjustment 0, centre of gravity of the ice- ference of this great circle will be increased if the ice-cap is cap 345 miles from the polar axis, and volume of the ice displaced away from the pole. Of course, any stress system equal to 6,000,000 cubic miles. that arises in this way will be two-dimensional, but one will W = Weight of the ice-cap = 2.500 x 10" short tons, hardly be in error by a factor of more than two if one F = Centrifugal effect in pounds = Wv7/gR, where neglects the two-dimensional character of the stresses and v = Velocity of revolving ice-cap, 132 feet per second, assumes instead that they are uniaxial. Of course, the only R = Distance from the axis of rotation to the centre of gravity purpose of this computation is to show the effect's order of of the ice-cap = 345 miles = 1,821,600 feet, magnitude. g = Acceleration due to gravity = 32. With this kind of approximation, one may view the equa- F = Wv*/gR = 2.5 x 10" x 132.457/32 x 1,821.600 torial bulge as a kind of wedge upon which the lithosphere = 43,870.75 x 10°/58,291,200 = 7.5 x 10” short tons is being pushed. There are, of course, two wedges, one on = 6.8 x 10” metric tons, radial force tangential to the each side of the globe. Earth's surface. (This, of course, is an upper estimate The bursting stress is the product of the tangential effect of and may be too large by a factor of two or three.) the ice-cap by the ratio of the gradient of the bulge: 1) Thickness of bulge (wedge) at its butt end = 6.67 miles. b. Bursting Stress on the Lithosphere: 2) Ratio of travel to lift, of bulge wedge = 6,152:6.67. An approximation of the bursting stress caused by this cen- 3) Stress on cross-section of the lithosphere (taken as 40 trifugal effect can be reached by simple methods, as follows. miles thick) = 7.5 x 10° x 6,152/6.67 x 2 = 3.3488 x 10% More elaborate approaches hardly seem justified in view of short tons = 3.4588 x 10'/990,894 = 3.5 x 10’ short tons per the uncertainty of the magnitude of the centrifugal force. square inch = approx. 1,700 pounds per square inch. NEXUS - 27 DECEMBER 1997 - JANUARY 1998