Nexus - 0405 - New Times Magazine-pages

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NEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCENEWSCIENCE tial—on the plate area of the capacitor. If an from a Tektronix transistor curve tracer oper- energy state and compression of charge clus- electrolytic capacitor can hold a DC charge ating in the microamp region. A reading of _ ters. A spin density wave will develop and potential on the plate area, then one can move _ the DC operating voltage of the emitter junc- increase within the tantalum capacitor. small portions of that charge potential—and__ tion of the transistor will not show a change that charge—with the use of a parallel bleed- _ in the voltage potential due to the high-fre- Discharge of AC Supercurrent off resistor. This small bleed-off current and quency oscillation of the electromagnetic The photograph in Figure 5, again taken change of E-field will create a very small, field. At this point, the emitter electrons from the Tektronix transistor curve tracer, associated magnetic field on the plate area of | become trapped and pinned within the elec- _ shows almost the full development of the AC the capacitor. tromagnetic field of the capacitor. This pin- supercurrent, due to the Poynting energy den- Through experimentation it has been found ning blocks current and dampens the amount _ sity flow and the increased spin-density wave that this very small electromagnetic field will of electron collision noise and heat due to action of the tantalum capacitor. The devel- oscillate at a very high frequency that is not _ electron interaction. opment of the E-field is almost complete. detected under normal test conditions. The emitter junction DC electromagnetic Conventional theory has shown that one Charge Blocking field is about to collapse and release the AC needs to have a movement of the charge state The photograph in Figure 3 is taken from _ supercurrent as well as the flow of Poynting to generate current to create a magnetic field. the Tektronix transistor curve tracer operat- _ energy density. However, theory does not tell the exact __ ing in the microamp region. At the point of a The AC supercurrent is too massive and amount of current needed to create the field. small signal injection to the base region of __ the increased nature of the spin density wave Could the bleed-off effect from a parallel _the transistor, the effect of the AC carrier dis- of the tantalum element is too fast, due to the resistor element change enough of the charge _ ruption to the internal DC emitter junction _ build-up of the E-field, for the bleed-off state to sustain a very small EM field? The electromagnetic field can clearly be seen. __ resistor to effectively regulate and shut down resistor element would have to have just the This effect is caused by the overpotential of _ the action. right specific value in order to bleed off just charge state and the compression of the enough excess charge potential so that the pinned electron clusters within the DC- Poynting Energy Flow charge state between the plate of the capaci- charged electromagnetic field developed by Taken from the Tektronix transistor curve tive element and the resistor bleed-off would _ the capacitor. tracer, the photograph in Figure 6 shows the not reach a point of equilibrium (equalisa- At this point in device conduction, the par- point of discharge and the Poynting energy tion) between the charge states. allel resistor element will try to equalise the density flow, the AC supercurrent, and the fiald ah af tha DO aharaand ala. Discharge of AC Supercurrent The photograph in Figure 5, again taken from the Tektronix transistor curve tracer, shows almost the full development of the AC supercurrent, due to the Poynting energy den- sity flow and the increased spin-density wave action of the tantalum capacitor. The devel- opment of the E-field is almost complete. The emitter junction DC electromagnetic field is about to collapse and release the AC supercurrent as well as the flow of Poynting energy density. The AC supercurrent is too massive and the increased nature of the spin density wave of the tantalum element is too fast, due to the build-up of the E-field, for the bleed-off resistor to effectively regulate and shut down the action. Charge Blocking The photograph in Figure 3 is taken from the Tektronix transistor curve tracer operat- ing in the microamp region. At the point of a small signal injection to the base region of the transistor, the effect of the AC carrier dis- ruption to the internal DC emitter junction electromagnetic field can clearly be seen. This effect is caused by the overpotential of charge state and the compression of the pinned electron clusters within the DC- charged electromagnetic field developed by the capacitor. At this point in device conduction, the par- allel resistor element will try to equalise the field charge and align the pinned electron clusters in the charged field on the capacitor plate. The E-field will start to develop along with its associated Poynting energy density low (S-flow). Poynting Energy Flow Taken from the Tektronix transistor curve tracer, the photograph in Figure 6 shows the point of discharge and the Poynting energy density flow, the AC supercurrent, and the collapse of the DC-charged electromagnetic field due to the change of energy state on the plate of the tantalum capacitor. Most of the device conduction is a Poynting energy density flow across the doped regions of the device's crystal lattice. With a dramatic decrease in electron colli- sions, the S-flow now is not subject to distor- tions due to the material defects within the lattice structure. Device switching times are far faster (at optical speed) and there are few, if any, limitations on frequency response. The phenomenal frequency response— essentially, up to the optical region—follows, since the shortest frequency wavelengths can be passed directly as Poynting energy density flow. Without divergence or scattering of this energy flow, there is no "work" being done in the conventional sense on the non- Scope Traces At the point of charge, with no signal applied, and with a bias of the junction, the capacitive element will charge to the voltage potential of 250 mV DC at the emitter junc- tion. The parallel resistor element will work to ‘bleed off’ excess charge from the capacitor plate area and try to reach a point of equalisa- tion of the charge state. However, the associ- ated field will oscillate at a frequency around 500 MHz and will not reach a point of total equalisation due to this high-frequency oscil- lation. In other words, equilibrium does not Formation of AC Supercurrent The photograph in Figure 4, taken from the Tektronix transistor curve tracer, shows the effect to "disruption and compression of the pinned electron clusters". At this point in time in the semiconductor, the parallel resistor element can no longer handle the bleed-off of excess charge poten- tial from the charged plate of the capacitor, due to the compression of electrons and the consequent rapid formation of an E-field. So there is a build-up of the Poynting energy ensity flow due to the change in electron occur. Formation of Electromagnetic Field The formation of the electromagnetic field is shown in Figure 2, which is a photograph Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 54 - NEXUS AUGUST - SEPTEMBER 1997