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ee though shorter waves might be practicable... The lowest frequency is six per second.” In brief, Tesla was stating that only those frequencies below 20 kHz have the ability to penetrate the Earth or water, and he had proved the point. From Tesla’s patent data it is not difficult to understand that Omega, with an operating frequency range between 10 and 15 kHz, is perfectly suited to the job. Aware of Tesla's work, and its own requirement to penetrate even deeper into the water, the US Department of Defense com- missioned the Sanguine system, which operated way down in the ELF (extremely low frequency) range between 300 Hz and 3 kHz, and penetrated water to a depth of approximately 300 feet. The US-based Sanguine ground wave caused so many obvious adverse environmental effects on American citizens that it had to be scrapped completely. With Sanguine out of the running, Omega remains the only accurate underwater positioning system for the American nuclear ballistic missile submarine fleet in the southern hemisphere launch zone. The inevitability of a first-strike nuclear attack on the East Gippsland Omega station as a vital component of the critical ‘Command, Communications, Control’ (C3) structure supporting the Trident missile deterrent, is currently shrouded by a huge amount of political and academic doublespeak about the lack of threat to US bases such as Omega on Australian territory because ‘the Cold War is over’. According to many earnest experts we can forever forget nuclear strikes because of the brave ‘New World Order’, Such arguments are specious academic claptrap. Cold, lukewarm or red-hot, there are still 30,000+ thermonuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles ready for launch from land-based silos and submarines. Further, due to the destabilisation of the old Soviet Union and the current disarray in its republics, there is now probably a much higher risk of a catastrophic ‘accidental’ ICBM launch than ever there was at the height of the so-called ‘Cold War'. The power and accuracy of Omega's ground waves has been proven in Western Australia by a radio expert specialising in low frequency signals, using a purpose-built ground-loop aerial cou- pled through an upgraded VLF receiver to a Hewlett Packard spec- trum analyser. The ground wave can be detected six feet above the ground in Perth, with signal strength increasing the closer the aeri- al is placed to the ground itself. The ground wave is extremely accurate, suffering none of the sky wave inaccuracies mentioned in many US Department of Defense texts. It goes almost without saying that the ballistic missile subs use the accurate ground wave for position fixes, not the inaccurate sky wave. To get an accurate position fix using Omega, the submarine must obtain signals from three different stations at the same time. If launching Trident D5 missiles well south of Australia, for exam- ple, the stations in East Gippsland, La Réunion and southern Japan would probably be used, with Hawaii as a backup. Remove the East Gippsland station and the American submarines would be compelled to move far to the north-west in order to get their third signal from Liberia, or far to the east to get a third signal from the station in Argentina. Omega has a unique benefit. The VLF transmissions are so low (10.2, 11.33 and 13.6 kHz) that the sub has no need to surface to receive them, but can remain effectively hidden 50 feet underwa- ter—a feat the giant VLF transmitter at North West Cape cannot compete with. The higher 23 kHz frequency signal from North West Cape can only penetrate water to a maximum depth of around 5 feet. Loran-C is effectively crippled at this point because it operates around 90-110 kHz and is a ground-'hugging’ wave which penetrates water not at all, rather than being a true ground wave like Omega, which suffers no such limitation. Proof that only ‘very low’ or ‘extremely low’ frequencies can be used to penetrate below the surface of the oceans was provided by Nikola Tesla, who provided the information in his US patent no. 787,412, approved on 18 April 1905. Tesla noted: “The frequency should be smaller than 20,000 per second, 36°NEXUS OCTOBER - NOVEMBER 1993