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EWSCIENCENEWSCIENCENE Alpha 4 particle gHe Fig.3. We represent the alpha-particle in several ways in this article. It is sometimes drawn as a ring (or "shell"), hollow in the centre, containing four nucleons. It is also useful to represent it as a three dimensional tetrahedron with a nucleon at each of its four cor- ners. As the tetrahedron is hollow in its very centre, we can see why it makes sense to think of the alpha-particle as a shell rather that a spherical "core". The basic alpha-particle is also the 1s shell in the nuclear potential well of Fig.2, so we quite often simply draw a tetrahedron labelled 1s. It also corresponds to the "Magic Number" 1 because the 1s shell is filled by one alpha-particle. Fig.4. The 18,0 nucleus is made from two filled shells It has a core made from the 1s, shell. Its next shell (made from three separate 1p subshells) is made from the three alpha-particles. Generally three tetrahedra, collectively with twelve vertices (nucleons) have no option but to form an icosahedral shell (also with twelve vertices): this is just basic conservation of nucleons! But also it has to do with the fact that the icosahedron has all vertices equally spaced and oriented with respect to each other on the surface of an equivalent sphere. If we were to assume that nucleons are mildly solid spheres which resist compression then this is also a necessary condition for nucleons in a spher- ical shell. Thus we can abstract the structure of the Oxygen nucleus completely away from the notion of individual nucleons, and instead represent its inner 1s core by a tetrahedron surrounded by an icosahedral shell. Alpha Particle gHe the nucleus, whilst the 3 base tetrahedra would correspond to the next (icosahedral) shell out. (see Fig 4). How real is this Platonic arithmetic and what does it mean? Well, a typical nuclear reaction involves Oxygen decaying to Carbon plus an a particle (ie a Helium nucleus). See Fig. 5. Bucky Fuller envisioned his famous "Jitterbug" transformation, in which an icosahedron whose top and bottom twisted in opposite directions, transforms into a cube octahedron thereby opening up several square "windows" (facets) where only triangular ones existed before (Fig.6). If this were to happen to the icosahedral shell round the Oxygen nucleus, then the tetrahedral "core" might escape through one of those square windows, explaining the Oxygen disintegration reac- tion cited above. The coreless tetrahedral shell would "jitterbug" back to an icosa- hedron then shrink - as it now would have no core inside it, then two possible things could happen. Either it could blow apart - into hedron then shrink - as it now would have no core inside it, then _ the 3 constituent tetrahedra - as in Fig 7 - thereby explaining anoth- two possible things could happen. Either it could blow apart - into er well known nuclear reaction (!2,C --> 34,He): or else it could settle down to the carbon nucleus’ ground state which is a tetrahedral core surrounded by a cubical cage (made from the other two ALPHA-PARTICLE . : o : we tetrahedra) - see Fig 2’s first three energy levels. All of this is explainable from Platonic, solid-geometry, principles without the need for quantum concepts at all! Quantum philosophy is simply irrelevant to the geometry of what is actually happen- ing in the real world at this level. Indeed we have used this "tetrahedral" arithmetic to predict the existence of five new "magic" chemical elements (Illertium, Danielium, Glasheenium, Fentonium, and Popeium) previously unknown to science. It is these new chemical elements which we feel, may explain the colossal (and previously inex- plicable) energy output from Quasars. The easiest way to verify their existence is to use an orbiting X-Ray telescope to study certain special frequencies emanating from neutron stars and Quasars. Fig.5. !6,0 -> 1250 +4,He The "birth" of a tetrahedron. As theoreticians we've done our job, now it's L _ up to the experimentalists and NASA! ALPHA-PARTICLE we > | Fig.5. NEXUS - 35 16,0 -> 12.C + 4,He The "birth" of a tetrahedron. OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 1991 * YEAR BOOK