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the rim of the polar opening, Palmer refers to the following facts: Between each magnetic pole around the Earth pass magnetic meridians. In contrast with geographical meridians, which measure longitude, the magnetic meridians move from east to west and back again. The difference between the geographical meridians, or true north and south, and the direction in which a magnetic compass points, or the magnetic meridian of the place, is called the declination. The first observation made was in London in 1580 and showed an easterly a | eS DR SORE a 0 ar oN NN | 8 EN declination of 11 degrees. In 1815 the declination reached 24. 3 degrees westerly maximum. This makes a difference of 35. 3 degrees change in 235 years, which is equal to 2,118 miles. Now if we make a circle around the Pole, with a radius of 1,059 miles, so that it is 2,118 miles in diameter, this would represent the rim of the polar opening along which, in this case, the North Magnetic Pole traveled from one point to its diametrically opposite point on the circle, 2,118 miles away, in 235 years. This is the reason why the magnetic pole and the geographical pole do not coincide. The geographical pole is an extension of the Earth's axis and since this runs through the center of the polar opening, it exists in empty space - hence can never be "discovered" by any explorer, since it is not on solid land. According to Marshall Gardner, the rim of the polar opening, which is the true magnetic pole, is a large circle 1,400 miles in diameter. It is so large that when explorers pass it, as many did, the slope is so gradual that they never know they are entering the interior of the Earth, but imagine they are on the surface. The magnetic pole can therefore be any point on the circle of the magnetic rim of the polar opening. On this point, Palmer says: "The focal point, or the actual ‘pinpoint’ of the magnetic pole exists on only one portion of the circumference of that circle at a time, and moves progressively around the circle in a definite ‘orbit’ that takes some 235 years. This would make the magnetic pole travel approximately 18 miles per year. "Military and civilian flights “over the Pole’ can be made daily without producing the slightest evidence of the vast hole in the Earth, whose perimeter they circumscribe, no matter what they ASSUME in their navigational procedure, due to the original error in assumption that what they are passing over is a POINT and not a vast CIRCUMFERENCE which they touch at only one place, and then immediately deviate away from its natural curve because they are traveling in a straight line." If the Earth was a solid sphere, with two poles at the end of its axis, being a magnet, its magnetic poles would coincide with its geographical poles. The fact that they do not is inexplicable on the basis of the theory that it is a solid sphere. The explanation becomes clear when we assume the existence of polar openings, with magnetic poles along the circular rim of these openings, rather than at a fixed point. Palmer quotes a significant statement by Russian Arctic explorers who say: "Exploration and research have shown that an enormous area of the Earth's