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CHAPTER Space and time: beneath the CONTRARY TO WHAT WE BELIEVE, particles do not exist. They manage a punctual ST that can behave like a wave. We speak of “quantum entities” instead of particles. It is impossible to discuss time without discussing space. A new notion of the granularity of space and time emerges. Just as there are grains of energy (quanta), there are invisible grains of sand in the spatio- temporal hourglass. In a way, temporal grains are energetic grains. In the case of discrete (discontinuous) space, the theoretician Alain Connes pictured non-commutative geometries allowing for the pres- ence of spatial structures showing a discontinuous nature (hyperfine mesh network structure) without violating fundamental symmetries. The spatial coordinates have been replaced by noncommutative “alge- braic operators.” Therefore, the order of their use is not random. It seems as if these geometries restore the usual properties of space on the largest scales, particularly the spatial isotropy, i.e., invariant under rota- tion. Please note that meshed networks were invented to react to the axiomatic constraint of the absence of divergence! In other words, we created the means to prove us right! At the same time, the wings of the paranormal are arbitrarily clipped by preventing immaterial phenom- ena to occur. The problem with these noncommutative geometries is actually that they suggest a configuration without time and space; the very negation of universal dynamics. Nonetheless, they suggest that spatio-temporal fractals have a pseudo-hermetic boundary (see below for the anti-return valve of strong interaction), while leaving an open door to exchange. Discrete time seems to pose problems. While observ- ing time quanta, a kind of temporal particles, it is indeed difficult for us 205 cobblestones lies freedom