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In the West we find, among others, the American astronomer William Tifft and the Finnish scientist Ari Lehto. Tifft’ was fascinated by the redshifts of stars and galaxies (light shift toward the red end of the spectrum). He considered the possibility that these are not caused by the recession speed of celestial objects, but by a strictly temporal effect. He wrote many articles, including one dedicated to three- dimensional quantized time in cosmology.® He developed a model based upon three-dimensional time consistent with properties of par- ticles, fundamental forces and other cosmological effects. The basic equations describing period-doubling sequences, resembling forms of Kepler’s third law, may have broad implications with regard to the structure of matter, space and time. The American believed that quan- tized time can explain quantized redshifts of galaxies, the missing mass of the universe, discordant redshifts, and the dichotomy between quantum mechanics and conventional dynamics. Ari Lehto also published an extremely interesting article® in this respect. The Finnish physicist clearly stated his approach: an agreement between the calculated values and the measured ones is obtained by assuming space and time to be symmetric, that is three-dimensional. He argued that electrons and protons are not subject to transformation and are the only two stable particles. Unlike objects in the macroscopic world, and unlike other particles, they inexorably keep their properties of spin, electric charge and mass. It is remarkable that the extraordinary continuity of these particles is what contradicts the temporal flow con- cept on which causality is based (time variation). It is this materiality that kills the materialist vision of the world, which is based on the rela- tions between physical values, i.e., on rational time. The expression: “nothing is created, nothing is lost, all is trans- formed” is nothing more than a popular belief. These particles appear, disappear and, in the meantime, are not transformed. The conservation of energy is a relative conception. In addition, and that is something to be reflected upon, the life span of a proton considerably exceeds the presumed age of the universe. Lehto suggested that the cyclical con- ception of time, the oldest in the history of mankind but also the one most in disagreement with the linear and causal conception of time, is perfectly compatible with quantum mechanics, but also with the stars and in general with every body in stabilized rotation. Particles are influenced by two events only: their birth and their death. Therefore, Lehto proposed a (3, 3) signature rather than (3, 1) to characterize space(3)-time(1). According to him, some suggested the existence of continuous three-dimensional time. However, Dorling has proven that, 176 The Science of Extraterrestrials: UFOs Explained at Last * Eric Julien