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straight line when traveling from one environment to another. This law is based on the principle of least action. Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) proposed a principle on which all laws of geometrical optics had to hinge. Light waves traverse the path between two points that takes the least time. One century later, Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis argued that light does not take the shortest distance, that of a straight line, nor does it take the shortest time. Light does not follow either of these paths, but that of the least amount of action, i.e., the most efficient route. Mauper- tuis standardized this principle for all bodies going from one point to another. He called it the principle of least action. Feynman actually reapplied this principle to quantum mechanics. The action of a mechanical system is the following quantity S: where T and V are kinetic and potential energy respectively, and ti and tf are the moments of departure (initial) and arrival (final). S is minimal for the trajectories described by Newtonian mechanics. T-V is the so- called Lagrangian of a system. It contains the dynamic information. Two useful aspects immediately jump out to support my case. The moments of departure and arrival have meaning only if expressed in accordance with the same time scale. We know that special relativity modifies the notion of temporal reference (particularly that of simultane- ity). Moreover, the dt factor also depends on the considered time scale. In the hypothesis of a body that undergoes a change of spatial scale, and therefore of time like UFOs do, it is clear that their trajectories have absolutely nothing to do with our traditional inertial physics. Such bodies will seem utterly magical. Showing up sometimes here, some- times there, without any apparent displacement. We should not forget that the integral of a function disregards the fractal nature of space and time by straightening out the curves. Let us return to the discussion of more general aspects. I would like to briefly mention the Institute of Time Nature Explorations located in Moscow.” Here a group of acclaimed scientists aim to unravel the nature of time and produce future technologies in the fields of aero- space, medicine and energy via a considerable number of contribu- tions. This institute seems to have taken a keen interest in the The Snell-Descartes law stipulates that light does not move in a developments of 3D time as laid down in this book.