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connections and their positions and their times and their months, as the angel Uriel, who was with me, showed them to me. 4. He showed all things to me and wrote them down for me; also their names he wrote for me, and their laws and their deeds. I saw a great and magnificent wonder, at the ends of the whole earth. 2. There I saw three portals of heaven open in the heavens; from each of them proceed north winds; when one of them blows, there is cold, hail, frost, snow, dew, and rain. 3. And out of one of the portals it blows for good; but when it blows from the two other portals, it blows with power, and there is misfortune upon the earth, and they blow with great power. Cuap. 35.—And from here I went towards the west, to the ends of the earth, and saw there three open portals, as I had seen in the east, similar portals and similar outlets. Cuap. 36.—And from here I went towards the south, to the ends of the earth, and there I saw three open portals of heaven; out of them come the south wind and dew and rain and wind. 2. And from here I went towards the east to the ends of the heavens, and there I saw the three portals of heaven open towards the east, and over them small portals. 3. Through each one of these small portals the stars of the heavens come and go every evening on the path which is shown to them. 4. And as I looked, I blessed, and thus each time I blessed the Lord of glory, who had made the great and glorious wonders, to show the greatness of his work to the angels and to the souls of men, that they might praise his work, and that all his creatures might see the works of his might, and praise the great work of his hand, and bless him to eternity. Cuap. 22. Conducted to the west, Enoch sees a high mountain-chain, which is not the same as the seven hills in 18:6, cf. 24:1. As is seen by the following, it is Rufael that leads him, this angel thus appearing in the same role in which we find him in Tobit. The number four may be an error for three, cf. vs. 9. If four is correct, then Dillmann’s suggestion that one of the places is for the class of mankind described 5-7, and 8, 9 the other places are described.—2. Dark, cf. note on 10:5.—3. According to God’s own plan these places are assembling places of all the dead, in other words the Sheol of the Hebrews or Hades of the Greeks. The expression souls of the dead is absolute, meaning all the souls, and in this the writer is in agreement with Old Testament statements, where Sheol, entirely distinct from the grave, is for the souls of the dead who are called Raphaim, i.e. shades like the GTR or GTR of the Greeks, cf. Spiess, Entwicklungsgeschichte der vorstellungen vom Zustande nach dem Tode, p. 422 sqq.—4. Here these souls shall abide to the day of the final judgment. Deliverance from Sheol is a hope frequently expressed in the later books of the Old Testament, e.g. Ps. xlix. 15.—Lamented, i.e. as the following shows, not on account of their being there, but because of the injustice they suffered during life.—6, 7. One voice is especially noticeable, and thatis Abel’s, according to Gen. iv. 10. As the sins of the parents are visited upon the children, justice will not have been done to Abel until his brother’s descendants are destroyed—8. We see by this verse that the spirits of the dead are not all in one place, but are separated; and now follows the description of the other apartments.—9. Of these (other) apartments there are three. The reason for this septation is probably the author’s conviction that the difference in the moral character produces a different fate after death, even before the final judgment. The apartment here (if indeed not identical with 7 and 8) is for the souls of the other just, i.e. for those who were just, but unlike Abel did not die a violent and undeserved death.—10. There are two divisions for the sinners, the first one for those who died without being punished during their lives, and who obtained even an honorable burial. According to the Old Testament (and according to Greek ideas) it was a disgrace of the highest kind to be left unburied. — 11. Here already they suffer affliction to the day of final Cuap. 34.—And from here I went towards the north, to the ends of the earth, and there