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operations and laws. Whether our author thereby gave expression to an ancient tradition among the people or originated the idea must, in the nature of the case, remain doubtful, although the former might seem probable, as a writer of the first century B.C., Alexander Polyhistor, as quoted by Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelica, ix. 17, 5 (ed. Heinichen, vol. ii. p. 21), contends that Enoch first discovered (GTR) astrology (astronomy), translation into heaven, proceeding from the correct assumption that the word HTR, Gen. v. 24, forms a contrast to the well-known HTR, used when speaking of the death of the other patriarchs. The same view is expressed by the LXX on Gen. v. 24, by Josephus Antiq. ix. 2, 2, by the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews xi. 5, the Targum of Jonathan, 1 Clem. ad Cor. ix. 3, and early writers in general. For the view of the other Targumim, and the Oriental versions, see Pichard, Le Livre d’ Hénoch sur I’ amitié, p. 23 sq. 2 Cf. also Liber Cosri (ed. Buxtorf), p. 153. 15 over against the claims of the Egyptians. In harmony with this claim is the tradition recorded by Josephus, Antiq. I. 8, that Abraham first brought the knowledge of astronomy and arithmetic from Chaldea to Egypt, and from there they were then transplanted to Greece. Accordingly later Jewish tradition has made Enoch not only the father of arithmetic and astrology, but also the inventor of the alphabet and the first author, to whom many books were ascribed.! Thus we read of the “books” of Enoch in the Book of the Jubilees, Test. xii. Patriarch.; Origen, c. Celsum v. p. 267, and Homil. 28 in Num. 34; Augustine, Civ. Dei, xv. 23; Jerome, Script. Eccles. 4; and Georgius Syncellus quotes from the first book of Enoch concerning the watchmen. With his literary fame walked hand in hand his renown for piety, so that the translated Enoch is even made the Metatron i.e. GTR or chief of those angels that stand before the throne of God.? Among Mohammedan writers Enoch stood high as an inventor and literary character. In addition to the discoveries attributed to him by Jewish tradition, Moslem fame honors him with the invention of sewing. He is mentioned but once in the Koran, in Sura xix. 57, under the name of Edris, i.e. the learned, and is called a prophet. Beidawi, the best Arabic commentator on the Koran, remarks on this passage that no less than thirty divinely revealed books were ascribed to his authorship. Of the writings attributed to this 16 ancient and pious favorite of God one of a prophetic character is made especially famous and important by being quoted by a canonical writer, Jude, Epist. 14,15, of which work Tertullian! asserts that it still existed in his times. This is, as we have seen, the work before us. § 2. CONTENTS.—Chap. 1:1, Superscription. Chap. 1-5, Introduction. The source and divinely inspired character of this revelation given to Enoch during his intercourse with the angels, as well as its object: to announce the overthrow and destruction of the sinners when God shall come to judge, and the Messianic blessings in store for the righteous in the world now to come. Chap. 6-16, The historical basis of the book, containing an account of the fall of the angels through their carnal connection with the daughters of men, as the author’s exegesis of Gen. vi. 1 sqq. The determination of God to inflict a temporal punishment upon them, which is to last until their condemnation in the final judgment, and the record of how this determination was carried out; the prediction of the flood as the means of cleansing the earth. Enoch, as a