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If an unknown intelligence was being proposed as the cause of the circles, the effect of mechanical trampling needed to be excluded as a possible source of the effects being described. Furthermore, to be completely accurate in applying the scientific method, if a flattened control crop was used, it should be flattened at the same time as the circle under investigation. The samples taken by Taylor and Sorrenson were later claimed to have come from a formation that had been made by Schnabel and others. Rob Irving challenged Levengood to allow an independent Circle-making competition design