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448 References SETI Detections,” paper presented at the 2002 International Astronautical Congress ([AA-02-IAA.9.1.06). 22. David Morrison, “Are Astronomers Crying Wolf,” Mercury, Vol. 32, Number 6 (November-December 2003), 15. 23. Billingham, et al., editors, “Social Implications,” 117-119. 24. Project Cyclops, 32. 25. Michael A.G. Michaud, “Detection of ETI—An International Agreement,” Space Policy, Vol. 5, Number 2 (May, 1989), 103-106; Donald Goldsmith, “Who Will Speak for Earth?” Acta Astronautica, Vol. 21 (1990), 149-151; Michael A.G. Michaud, “An International Agreement Concerning the Detec- tion of Extraterrestrial Intelligence,” Acta Astronautica, Vol. 26 (March/ April, 1992), 291-294; Michael A.G. Michaud, John Billingham, and Jill Tarter, “A Reply from Earth?” Acta Astronautica, Vol. 26, No. 3/4 (March/ April, 1992), 295-297. 26. See the International Academy of Astronautics website at www.iaanet.org, link to Position Papers. 27. Doyle, “Cultural and Institutional Aspects.” 28. Billingham, et al., editors, Social Implications,” 94. 29. A. Harrison, “Confirmation of ETI: Initial Organizational Response,” paper presented at the 1999 International Astronautical Congress (IAA-99- 1AA.9.2.02) Later published in Acta Astronautica, Vol. 53 (2002), 229-236. 30. Fred Hoyle, The Black Cloud, 199. 31. Douglas Vakoch, “Messages to the Cosmos?,” SETI News, Second Vol. 12, Number 2 (Quarter 2003), 14-15. 32. Drake and Sobel, 228. 33. D.E. Tarter, “Reply Policy and Signal Type,” paper presented to the 1995 International Astronautical Congress (IAA-95-IAA.9.2.12). 34. Wright, Non-Zero, 170. 35. As of 2005, information on the San Marino Scale could be found on the SETI League website, www.setileague.org/iaaseti/smscale.html. 36. Douglas Vakoch, “The Dialogic Model,” Acta Astronautica, Vol. 42 (1998), 705-710. 37. Michael A.G. Michaud, “Policy Issues in Communicating with ETI,” Space Policy, Vol. 14 (1998), 173-178; Michael A.G. Michaud, “An International Agreement Concerning the Detection of Extraterrestrial Intelligence,” Acta Astronautica, Vol. 26, No. 3/4 (March/April, 1992), 291-294. 38. Douglas Vakoch, “The Dialogic Model.” 39. Drake and Sobel, 228. 40. Douglas Vakoch, “Messages to the Cosmos?”; Michaud, “Policy Issues in Communicating with ETI.” 41. F. Galton, “Intelligible Signals Between Neighboring Stars,” Fortnightly Review, Vol. 60 (1896), 657-664; H.W. Nieman and C. Wells Nieman, “What Shall We Say to Mars?,” Scientific American, 122:12 (March 20, 1920), 298— 312; Lancelot Hogben, “Astroglossa or First Steps in Celestial Syntax,” JBIS, Vol. 11 (1952), 258-274. 42. Hans Freudenthal, “Lincos—Design of a Language for Cosmic Intercourse,” Amsterdam, North Holland, 1960 (Freudenthal provided an update on his thinking 20 years later in “Towards a Cosmic Language,” Cosmic Search,