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440 References 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. Robert L. Carroll, “Between Water and Land,” Nature, Vol. 437 (1 Septem- ber 2005), 38-39; LeBlanc, Constant Battles, 54; Hart and Zuckerman, editors, 37. Drake, in Ponnamperuma and Cameron, editors, 120; Harrison, After Contact, 15. Sagan, editor, CETI, 105. Peter D. Walsh, et al., “Catastrophic Ape Decline in Western Equatorial Africa,” Nature, Vol. 422 (10 April 2003), 611-613. Rood and Trefil, 241. Robert Freitas, “Metalaw and Interstellar Relations,’ Mercury, Number 6 (March-April 1977), 15-17. Michaud developed this theme in several articles, beginning with “Interstellar Negotiation” in 1972. Brin, A Contrarian Perspective; Achenbach, 290. The Complete Science Fiction Works of H.G. Wells, 266. Robert Markley developed this theme at some length in Dying Planet: Mars in Science and the Imagination, Raleigh, NC, Duke University Press, 2005. Harrison, After Contact, 122, 194, 312; Harrison, “Slow Track, Fast Track;” Albert Harrison, “The Relative Stability of Belligerent and Peaceful Societies,” Acta Astronautica, Volume 46 (2000), 707-712. William Pfaff, “Europe Pays the Price for Cultural Naivete,” International Herald Tribune, 25 November 2004. Puccetti, 105. Sullivan, 296. Murray Leinster, “First Contact,” in Damon Knight, editor, First Contact, Pinnacle, 1971, 9-44. Barry Gewen, review of Victor Davis Hanson’s Ripples of Battle, The New York Times, 28 September 2003. Lawrence Keeley, War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997 (reprint edition). Natalie Angier, “Is War Our Biological Destiny?” The New York Times, 11 November 2003; LeBlanc, “Prehistory of Warfare;” John Noble Wilford, “Archaeologists Unearth a War Zone 5,500 Years Old,” The New York Times, 16 December 2005. Researchers have found a genetic variant in primates, including chimpanzees and humans, that predisposes males to aggressive, impulsive, and even violent behavior. “Tracking the Evolutionary History of a Warrior Gene,” Science, Vol. 304 (7 May 2004), 818. LeBlanc, Constant Battles, 3, 8, 12, 167, 185, 192, 220. LeBlanc, Constant Battles, 84, 89, 225; Asimov, A Choice of Catastrophes, 268. LeBlanc, “Prehistory of Warfare.” David Christian, 458. Harrison, After Contact, 184; David Christian, 458. Hart and Zuckerman, editors, 32. Sullivan, 295-296; Brin in Bova and Preiss, editors, 128; McConnell, 370. Brin, “A Contrarian Perspective.” Clarke, The Exploration of Space, 192; Clarke, Greetings, 39. In Regis, editor, 263. Drake and Sobel, xiii.