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418 References 29. Clark and Clark, 240; Sagan and Newman, “The Solipsist Approach;” Eric M. Jones and Barham W. Smith, Letter in Physics Today, March 1982, 32-33; Gregory Benford, Letter in Physics Today, March 1982, 33; Tim Weiner, “A New Model Army Soldier Rolls Closer to the Battlefield,’ The New York Times, 16 February 2005. 30. B. R. Finney, “Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Techn- ological Hubris?” in Michael Papagiannis, editor, The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments, Dordrecht, Reidel, 1985, 455-463. 31. B.R. Finney, “Exponential Expansion.” Also see Rebecca L. Cann, “Talking Trees Tell Tales,” Nature, Vol. 405 (29 June 2000), 1008-1009. 32. Former British naval officer Gavin Menzies advocated an expanded version of what the voyages achieved in his book 1421: The Year China Discovered America, New York, William Morrow (Harper Collins), 2003, originally published in Great Britain in 2002 by Transworld Publishers. 33. Claudius Gros, “Expanding Advanced Civilizations in the Universe,” JBIS, Vol. 58 (2005), 108-110; Sagan, Cosmos, 310-311. 34. Finney, “Exponential Expansion.” 35. For a brief description of the classic agenda, see Michael A.G. Michaud, Reaching for the High Frontier, New York, Praeger, 1986, 7-8. 36. Dole and Asimov, 203-204. 37. See Eugene N. Parker, “Sheilding Space Travelers,” Scientific American, March 2006, 40-47, and Joshua Roth, “A Record-Setting Solar Flare,” Sky and Telescope, September 2005, 16-17. 38. C.M. Cade, “Communicating with Life in Space,” Discovery, May 1963, 36-41; MacGowan and Ordway, 259, 272; A.J. Dunlop, “Galaxy Dynamics and Desirable Real Estate,” paper prepared for the 1987 International Astro- nautic Congress. 39. Bracewell, “Communications from Superior Galactic Communities.” 40. Mallove and Matloff, 4. 41. Brin, “The Great Silence.” The more popularized version appeared as “Mystery of the Great Silence” in Bova and Preiss, editors, 118-139, and as “Xenology,” Analog, May 1983, 64-82. 42. McConnell, 68, 70. 43. John Kraus, “Gerard K. O’Neill on Space Colonization and SETI,” Cosmic Search, Vol. 1, Number 2 (March 1979), 16. 44. Stapledon, 292. 45. Grinspoon, 412. 46. Milan M. Cirkovic and Richard B. Cathcart, “Geo-Engineering Gone Awry,” JBIS, Vol. 57, (2004), 209-215. 47. James Annis, “An Astrophysical Explanation for the Great Silence,” JBIS, Vol. 52 (1999), 19-22. 48. Paul Davies, “A Brief History of the Multiverse,” The New York Times, 12 April 2003; Stephen Baxter, “The Planetarium Hypothesis: A Resolution of the Fermi Paradox,” JBIS, Vol. 54 (2001), 210-216. 49. Frank Drake, “On Hands and Knees in Search of Elysium,” Technology Review, June 1976, 22-29. 50. Drake and Sobel, 161.