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References 417 3. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. . Michael H. Hart, “An Explanation for the Absence of Extraterrestrials on Earth,” QJRAS, Vol. 16 (1975), 128-135, reprinted in Goldsmith, editor, 228-231. L. J. Cox, “An Explanation for the Absence of Extraterrestrials on Earth,” QJRAS, Vol. 17 (1976), 201-208; Swift, 32; George Abell, “The Search for Life Beyond Earth: A Scientific Update,” in James L. Chris- tian, editor, Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Buffalo, NY, Prometheus, 1976, 53-71. Eric M. Jones, “Colonization of the Galaxy,” Icarus, Vol. 28 (1976), 421-422. . Eric M. Jones, “Estimates of Expansion Time Scales,” in Hart and Zucker- man, editors, 66-74. . T. B. H. Kuiper and M. Morris, “Searching for Extraterrestrial Civiliza- tions,” Science, Vol. 196 (6 May 1977), 616-621, reprinted in Goldsmith, editor, 170-177. David W. Schwartzman, “The Absence of Extraterrestrials on Earth and the Prospects for CETI,” Icarus, Vol. 32 (1977), 473-475, reprinted in Goldsmith, editor, 264-266. . Webb, 24; Hart and Zuckerman, editors, vii. 9. Michael H. Hart, “Atmospheric Evolution, The Drake Equation, and DNA: Sparse Life in an Infinite Universe,” in Hart and Zuckerman, editors, 154-163. Papagiannis, “Colonies in the Asteroid Belt,” in Hart and Zuckerman, editors, 77-84. Michael Papagiannis, “Strategies for the Search for Life in the Universe,” Cosmic Search, Vol. 2, Number 1(Winter 1980), 24-27; Michael D. Papagi- annis, “The Search for Extraterrestrial Civilizations—A New Approach,” Mercury, January-February 1982, 12-16, 25. Casti, 401. Frank J. Tipler, “A Brief History of the Extraterrestrial Intelligence Concept,” QJRAS, Vol. 22 (1981), 133-145. Frank J. Tipler, “We Are Alone,” Discover, March 1983, 56-61; Frank J. Tipler, “Alien Life” (review of Emmanuel Davoust’s The Cosmic Water Hole), Nature, Vol. 354 (28 November 1991), 334-335; Frank J. Tipler, “Extraterrestrial Intelligent Beings Do Not Exist,” QJRAS, Vol. 21 (1980), 267 (Tipler published an article under the same title in Physics Today, Vol. 34 (1981), 9, 70-71); Barrow and Tipler, 576-601. Frank D. Drake, letter in Physics Today, March 1982, 26-27, 31; Drake and Sobel, 205. Finney, “Exponential Expansion.” William I. Newman and Carl Sagan, “Galactic Civilizations: Popula- tion Dynamics and Interstellar Diffusion,” Icarus, Vol. 46 (1981), 293-327; Carl Sagan and William I. Newman, “The Solipsist Approach to Extraterrestrial Intelligence,” in Regis, editor, 151-161. The separate argument by Sagan is from “The Solipsistic Approach to Extra- terrestrial Intelligence,” QJRAS, Vol. 24 (1983), 113-121, quoted in Lamb, 163. Goldsmith and Owen, 425-431.