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382 References 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, serialized in 1897, published in book form in 1898; for a more recent reprint, see The Complete Science Fiction Treasury of H.G. Wells, New York, Avenel Books, 1978, 265-388. Also see Guthke 386-388. Dick, The Biological Universe, 52. Dick, The Biological Universe, 52-53; Nicolas Cusanus had foreseen this in 1440, when he wrote that “the fabric of the world has its center everywhere and its circumference nowhere.” Edward Harrison, Masks of the Universe, 174-175. Dick, The Biological Universe, 37-38. McNeill, 830-831. Dick, The Biological Universe, 53. Jeans argued in 1929 that the odds were 100 thousand to 1 against a star being surrounded by planets. Life, he believed, is limited to an almost inconceivably small corner of the universe (“Life in the Universe,” in The Universe Around Us, New York, McMillan, 1929). Jeans had changed his opinion by 1942, when he wrote that there may be 2 billion planetary systems and that life-evolving processes may be at work on a great many planets. Smithsonian Institution Annual Report, 1942, 145-150. Dick, The Biological Universe, 93-94; Crowe, 539; Frank D. Drake, “Reflections on the Modern History of SETI,” Acta Astronautica, Vol. 26 (1992), 143-144. The eminent astronomer E.E. Barnard had made drawings of Martian features he observed in 1892 and 1894, including mountain ranges and craters. Barnard kept those drawings to himself because he thought that other astronomers would not believe them and might ridicule them. See Rodger W. Gordon and William Sheehan, “Solved: The Mars-Crater Mystery,” Sky and Telescope, November 2005, 64-67. Dick, The Biological Universe, 222-223; Guthke, 391. Ben Bova, Faint Echoes, Distant Stars: The Science and Politics of Finding Life Beyond Earth, New York, Morrow, 2002, 131. Steven J. Dick and James E. Strick, The Living Universe: NASA and the Development of Astrobiology, Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 2004, 12; Edward Edelson, “Who Goes There?”, Garden City, NY, Double- day, 1979, 19. Freeman Dyson, “Dynamic Universe,” Nature, Vol. 435 (23 June 2005), 1033. Percival Lowell, Mars as the Abode of Life, 69. Dick, The Biological Universe, 189, 195-196. For an overview of Oparin’s ideas in English, see A.I. Oparin, The Origin of Life on the Earth, New York, Academic Press, 1957. Haldane’s work is described in Dick, The Biological Universe, 341-342. S. I. Miller, “A Production of Amino Acids Under Primitive Earth Condi- tions,” Science, Vol. 117 (15 May 1953), 528-529; S.I. Miller, “Production of Some Organic Compounds Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 77, Number 9 (12 May 1955), 2351-2361; Jeffrey L. Bada and Antonio Lazcano, “Prebiotic Soup—Revisit- ing the Miller Experiment,” Science, Vol. 300 (2 May 2003), 745-746; Dick and Strick, 16.