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1660 British find sugar pushing so profitable it becomes a matter of national security. British pass the Navigation Act of 1660 to prevent transport of sugar, tobacco, or any product of the American Colonies to any Port outside England, Ireland and British Possessions. 1661 Charles II in England, in an attempt to retain his throne, grants the East India Company the power to make war. 1664 Descartes advances the concept that activities of organisms (including man) are because of a reac- tion to external stimuli. One of the initial premises of future mind control paradigms. 1665 London swept by Bubonic plague. It was noticed that people who lived without sugar escaped harm. Over 68,000 die. 1667 The apparent danger of using animals serums foreign to human beings and animal serums foreign to other animals is reported in medical literature in 1667 when lambs blood was unsuccessfully used as a human blood transfusion.(Sir Graham Wilson, The Hazards of Immunization, London 1967, Athlone Press). 1674 First mention of diabetes mellitus in British Pharmaceutice Rationalis, by Thomas Willis, member of the Royal College of Physicians. 1690 John Locke writes “Concerning Human Understanding.” One of the crucial elements of the essay is the belief and concept that children are tabula rasa, i.e., totally programmable. The idea was 322 Appendix F: General Chronology of Events 1632 First coffee shop opens in London. 1635 Tobacco sale in France restricted to apothecaries by doctor's prescription only. 1638 Torture abolished in England. 1642 Income and Property Tax introduced in England. 1650 World population estimated 500 million. 1650 Extermination of North American Indian people begins. 1657 Chocolate drinking introduced in London. 1658 First bank note introduced in Sweden. 1660 Dutch (Boers) settle in South Africa. 1662 Britain importing 16 million pounds of sugar per year. 1665 Newton experiments with gravitation. 1666 Great Fire of London. 1667 Epidemics of smallpox, dysentery begin. 1668 Merck begins an apothecary shop in Darmstadt Germany. 1669 Outbreak of cholera in China. 1670 Measles and tertian fever epidemics displace cholera. 1672 Dysentery becomes mild and some smallpox occurs. 1673 Inoculation against smallpox appears in Denmark. (See 1778). 1675 Malaria epidemic in England and discovery of “Peruvian bark” (quinine). 1677 Ice cream becomes popular dessert in Paris. 1678 First medical treatise in America on smallpox and measles. 1683 First German emigrants to America land. Atlantis, Alien Visitation, and Genetic Manipulation