PROJECT BLUE BOOK

1, DATE - TIME G20uUP

9 August 1962 10/0400
3, SOURCE
Civilian
4. NUMBER OF OBJECTS
One
LENGTH OF OBSERVATIGCA

L 5-60 Seconis
TYPE OF OSSERVATION

2. LOCATION

Cyprus Gardens, Florida

10, CONCLUSION
AIRCRATT

Sighting characteristic of a/c with efterburner. Case sub=
mitted in letter almost four years after observation.

11. BRIEF SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS
Orange star@like object increasins in size. Descending and
appearing to cone strait at observer, Thousht to bea
meteor initially. Object turned and headed up, retracing

original path until the object disappeared,

9. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

O Yes

ExXnNo

FORM
FTD sep 63 0-329 (TDE) Previous editions of this form may be used.

ip dices wet titenn ST

ee

dcolebv tet hea ee os.

7
’

ony one for this month, Two weeks earlier, |
at the time of new moon, that body will
come between the earth and the sun, pro-
ducing a partial solar cclipse. To sve it,
you will have to be in southern Africa,
along the coast of Brazil, in the South
Atlantic or Antarctica, Over that general
area, the moon will partially hide the sun.
Along a belt that is mostly over the ocean
there will be what is called an annular
eclipse. Around the dark dise of the moon a
ringr of the sun’s surface will be visible.

This happens because the moon will then
be at about its greatest distance from the
earth and its size, as we see it in the sky,
will not be enough to cover the solar disc.
A total eclipse of the sun occurs when the
moon is closer. Then it covers the sun com-
pletely and the sun’s outer envelope, the
corona, flashes into view.

. EARTH'S SHADOW

Partial Eclipse of Moon
Aug. 25, 1961

The large circle represents the shadow
of the earth, and the small circles—I, HI and
l1l—indicate the successive positions of the

moon as it passes through the shadow. The ,

three phases shown occur at the following
times (all p.m.):

Est. CST MST PST

I Moon starts into
shadow 8:36 4 §=67:36 «66:36 «5:36
Il Middle of eclipse 10:09 9:09 8:09 7:09
III Moon leaves
shadow {1:42 10:42 9:42 8:42

Celestial Time Table for August

Aug. EST
3 6:48a.m. Moon in last quarter
7 1 .:00p.m. Moon passes Venus

rr §:36a.m. New moon, annular eclipse of
sun
noon Moon farthest, distance 252,-

600 miles
12 earlya.m. Meteor shower visible, appar-
ently radiating from constella-
tion of Perseus in northeastern
sky
19° 5§:52a.m. Moon in first quarter
23 10:00a.m. Moon passes Saturn
6:00 p.m. Moon passes Jupiter
25 2:00p.m. Moon nearest, distance 222,000
miles
1o:1gp.m. Full moon,
Lunar eclipse
Subtract one hour for CST, two hours for
MST, and three hours for PST,

wt eae Ai) ee od “et

Procrrptncs or A Conrerence on Resutts
or THE Fiast U, S. Manneo Susorerrat Furonr
—AIntrod. by Hugh L. Dryden and Lloyd V.
Berkner—-GPO, 76 p., illus., paper, sod. Papers
of 1941 Conterence of NASA with National In-
stitutes of Health and National Academy of
Sciences.

Tue Sctence or Geyetics—Charlotte Auer-
bach—Hurper, 273 p., illus. by Inge G. Auer-
bach Linker, $5.95. Written by yeneticist for
general reader to provide the indispensable
knowledge without which the most recent
advances in genetics cannot be understood.

Tue Serenrietc Approacn to Career PLAN-
ninc-—M. C. Cobb, foreword by. David A.
Shepard—Lantern Press, 142 p., $3.95. Shows
how the process of inductive inference (result of
scientific observation, experiment and reasoning)
can be applied to the subject of career planning.

Take A Neumper: New Ideas + Imagina-
tion==More Fun—Jeanne Bendick and Marcia
Levin-——Whuttlesey House, 63 p., illus. by J.
Benilick, $2.50. Amusingly presented, shows
grade school youngsters some of the innumer-
able uses for number concepts and numeration.

Tracun Yoursece Borany—John H. Elliotr—
Roy Prbs., 214 p., illus., $2.75. Brief outline of
the scope of the science known as botany.

Teieu Yoursere Metrorotocy—‘‘Acolus”’—
Roy Pubs, 2nd ed., 167 p., illus., $2.75. Little
book explaining the behavior of the atmos-
phere without mathematics and outlining prin-
ciples by which one can predict this behavior
from observations.

THe Torcu Licurers: Tomorrow's Teachers
of Reading——Mary C. Austin, Dir.; foreword by
Francis Keppe!—Harvard Univ. Grad. School of
Educ. (Harvard Univ. Press), 191 p., paper, $1.
This Harvard-Carnegie field study reports on
current college preparation of teachers of read-

ing and suggests recommendations for improve-
ment,

Trace ELEMENTS IN PLants—Walter Stiles—
Cambridge Univ. Press, 3rd ed., 249 p., photo-
graphs, $7.50. Emphasis in this updated edi-
tion is. on trace elements in plants and the
effects of their deficiency or excess on grazing
animals, Also refers to soil conditions as they

relate to availability of trace elements.

Transistors AND Active Craccits—John G.
Linvill and James F. Gibbons—McGraw, 515
p., $14.50. Discusses fundamental problems en-
countered in active circuits, the physics of semi-
conductors, ‘two-rport network theory, and
transistor circuits.

U.S.S.R. Lireratrurr on Atr PoLLuTION AND
Reiated Occupationat Diseases, Vol. V—
R. S. Levine—USPHS (OTS), 219 p., illus.,
paper, $3.50. Latest survey of Russian literature
dealing with air pollution aspects of incustrial
and public health problems.

Warer TREATMENT FoR INDUSTRIAL AND
Oren Uses—Eskel Nordell—Reinhold, 2nd
ed., 595 p., ilus., $12. Practical reference work,
brought up-to-date to include latest develop-
ments in the technology’ of water treatment
and! their application,

Wearuer Moopirication: Second Annual Re-
port tor Fiscal Year Ended June 30, r960—
National Science Foundation—GPO, 22° p.,
photographs, paper, 15¢. Research highiights
and weather modification activities.

-——

nal LSE Ty I ar PTT I wre s

Lu -t& LK. ,

= Wi Sf
CHARI 7 ee
EE * ie “fj

Pie sb 10, 1966 pe ote wna

Vropect Due Look Information UiLice

ear Ii:

About five wears ago J saw an object in the ship.
(re nighk wae ver, quiet until J head a huanunisreg Avurile
J Looked up and around until J saw a blue-white Light.
Lé Looked as ip dt was coming hight at mee nt tAat ane
and now being a chicken ahd J could think of was Lo lide. |
fhene were sone bushes near me so J got behind theme J
pulled ity bike over ne for protecttonne

When J Looked up again it was brisht Khe It seemed
zo be very Lue and Aa Low feve y ik stayed 4 one
place fon a while and tiem siacied ciiclinge Findly it

.

wend behind a house ( the house was 40 close to me that
dé seemed to yo behind tse A dog barked and J xan /ome.
J tokd my family but they told me that it was just me.

(lost people would forget something Like this but J
havn't. And J would tire to know if there has ever been
Such a Sighting. J would Like to have an answer whenevr
you may Aave time.

J aknost fongot to tel you that there is an Hin Forse
bie close by and yenenak Uynamics. Within the same. wma
there is bell Helocontenr.

J don't believe it wos a hekoconter becauwe of. the
hts qr the sounds. # helucopienr has a whipping sound
pn and ire object had a ig Ones

Juicenely Yours,s

————

—=

ha el le ele ite ee wr

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fd CISC 7
IN Lo ONL& ( DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE
— aaa AF IN : L4409STACUM RGR SENAY re
SMB C 156 Pr ee R
INFO’ : CIN-L7\ ARMY, iNAVY}2, cMc-8, scS-35,
7CZCHQBS6 1 ZCEJA668 ERS) pes aa OOP=-2, OOP-CP-1,
OO RJEZHA
DE RBHPH 104A i 2
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0 941519Z | |

FM COMHAWSEAFRON

TO RBHPB/ CINCPACFLT

INFO RJHPKW/COMDHAWAIRDEFDIV WHEELER AFB
RJWFALB/CINCNORAD ENT AFB COLORADO
RJEZHQ/COFSUSAF WAHSDC

RBEPW/CNO

RBEPW/ SECNAV

RUHPF S/ CINCUSARPAC

RBHPA/ CINGPAC

RJ HPKM/ PAC AF

RJHPKM/ PACAF BASECOM HICKAM AFB
NAVY GRNC

BT

UNCLAS

eee #e i -—- . ee ee eee ee

1, FOLLOWING RECEIVED FROM ARTC HONO:

te a ee ee ee ee ee eee oe —_—s— - _ z

JZCIRVIS REPORT. QUANTAS 775 REPORTED SHIP IN SIGHT 42
MILES NORTH OF CANTON ISLAND AND FLASHING SEARCH LIGHTS
EVERY ONCE IN A WHILE” TIME OF REPORT 0415590Z.
Z. ORIG. HAS REQUESTED REPORTS FROM NEXT TWO ACFT PASSING THROUGH

CONTACT AREA. DUE TO REMOTE LOCATION ANTICIPATE NO
OTHER ACTION.

3, TENATIVE EVALUATION, NO HREAT |
BT NOTE : Advance copy to CP & CIN 041255 (4 Aug 61)

)
|

No Sase , (Information Only) 5 August 1961
Mt Hele, \ustralia

Sources NICAP

—~ ee —

——

Also, in ao
Aq. 3. 19. rt trom. Australia,
hoes od-cbelaceiy At: NICAP... twelve
suvery disc-like objects: flying in girs
weee observed Sy shearers on Mt. Hale
Stanen, Meekatharra, A whitish sup-
TA WAS 3ee0 © emanate fron ine
bFCs, orm inw streamers and fan wo _
die ground. shen nailed, thesubsmaca~ |
so s:peted and. could notbe preserved. —,

pe Pan

w

_—_ ees eee

Boys Sight Maneuvering
UFO In 196]

On August 7, 1961 Danny Okrasinski,
12. Route 1, Gresham, Oregon, and
Jumes Towell, 12 also of Route ], camped
cut ina field near their homes and while |
leaking at the starts sizgnted a strange}
‘eat whieh citeled, hovered and started
it intervals, Thev claimed it made sev-
*rai passes over Gresham and appeared
‘oo}De very large as it came down close |

the ground. They had seen it two

weeks previousiv and {he August 7 sicht-

pimace the second time rreY Obse ry a]

Aug. 9, Naples, Me, Pilot S.R, Gra-
ham, Pensacola graduate, and three
citizens observed bright, fast-moving
UFO, Graham told NICAP the object,
which slowed, hovered, changed course

and accelerated, was “‘much faster than

any aircraft.’’

——_———

a: aa ttl mel A ON ORE er Ore ee — ee
DA) - “ ee
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ae ee, ee Se ee eet eer eR Tey

. Sao Lik ‘,: : + .
den nd sentbred a bods i ae wah Be oan a io on aH «tes

10 = 31 AUGUST 1961 SIGHTINGS

Lake Charles, Loutsilana ~ ~~~»

—_ <<

Springfield, Massachusetts ~

Webb AFB, Texas

Sante Fe, Argentina
24.53N 150.22aW (Pacific)
Cape Canaveral, Florida

Dayton, Ohio

Redondo Beach, California
Gibson City, Iliiccis
Fremont, California

Naha, Okinawa

Military (PHYSICAL S)
Malti ST TNC'S

-
s * +? = .* :
i awed ie oe ee + eee amen stn en nilen

DATE LOCATION OBSERVER EVALUATION
S10 Dayton, Ohio Astro (JUPITER)
~L2 Roscoe, New York Insufficient Data
—~12 Kansas City, Kansas UNIDENTIFIED
“13 Clayton, Ohio. Aircraft

Other (PARACHUTE FLARE)
Satellite
Astro (METEOR)

14 New York, New York Other (POOR PHOTO
: | PROCESSING )
~1h Cleveland, Ohio Balloon
~14 Dayton, Ohio Aircraft
14-16 Inwood, New York Insufficient.Data
“15 32.27N 128.02W (Pacific)s Satellite
; —~L6 Flushing, New York Satellite

Other (UNRELIABLE REPORT.
Other (MISSILE)
Other (MISSILE )

ad Wilmington, Delaware Balloon
~25 Brooklyn, New York Balloon
~2T Osan, Korea Aircraft

Astro (VENUS)
Insufficient Data
Aircraft (REFUEL OPR)
Aircraft

Astro (METEOR)

30 Fairborn, Ohio Satellite
» 30 Pleasant Garden, Sortn Carolina Satellite
30 Monroe, Ohio. Aircraft
~ 30 Dayton, Ohio Aircraft

ae

ADDITIONAL REPORTED SIGHTINGS (NOT CASES)

31 Ashland=Richmond, Virginia Aircraft (REFULE OPR)

DATE-- LOCATION SOURCE EVALUATION

Aug Universe Science News Ltr

190 Soutnwestern United States American Meteor Society Reports
12 Hanover, Ontario Newsclipping i
14 Chicago, Illinois Newsclipping
14 Chatham, Massachusetts Newsclipping
17 Stillwater, Minnesota Newsclipping
19 Farminston, New Mexico Newsclipping
el Payview, Idaho Newsclinping
25 Amity, Oregon Newsclipping
29 Wichita, Kansas Newsclipping
30 Evanston, Illinois Newsclipping
30 Cincinnati, Ohio Newsclipping

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RSG Fe RN NES OG ee cee cee

© erences eee emnrrr rere een TE I eT hy TP ee Gemen m NSANTION TEIE RT Say Se om eT YMEREM fm mk et

. HEADQUARTERS Pro OST oR |
FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISION \ ag:
AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND | a |
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE S| \ 5 pee \ i
WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHI0 a. “er
REPLY TO NO”
arty of: TDEW a
SUBJECT: Request for UFO Information, Mrs @iipeme 2 Apr 65
to: Hq USAF SAFOI-CC (Mrs Hunt)
Wash DC 20330
Reference the attached letter from Mrs requesting |
information on an observation of hers on Aug 9th, 1961. The |
following information is provided in order that a reply may be
made:

a. We have screened the case files for Aug 8, 9 and 10 of |
1961 and find that the only reported observation from the Florida |
area was at 9pm on 8 Aug 61. ‘This report was from Cape Canaveral

end the signting was attributed to a meteor. The description of

your sighting is characteristic of other reports received by us

which have been positively identified as jet aircraft with after-

burner in operation. I am sure that you relize that it is impossi-

ble to attempt identification of it at this late ddte. The

attached brochure indicates the results of our project to date.

The Air Force appreciates your reporting of this observation to

the Air Force. Should you observe any unusual object a report

should be made to the nearest Air Force Base as soon as possible
after the sighting.

FOR TEE COMMANDER

1 Atch

- ¢7Deputy for Technology a/s
/° end Subsystems

YOU + THE NUCLEUS OF SECURITY!

Mirvichennrees me atte

iaueemadnimeiin een e Trees oe mmert trea °

~~ + ° .

Bia)

ASTRONOMY

Science News Luvren for Jily 22, 1961

Jupiter, Saturn Shine in August

The planet Jupiter is the brightest object in the sky
next to the moon during August. Saturn is as bright as a first
magnitude star, James Stokley reports.

> TWO BRIGHT PLANETS—Jupiter and
Saturn—have joined with the stars normally
visible at this time of vear to make the eve-
ning skies of August especially brilliant.

Both planets, and the stars as well, are
shown on the accompanying maps. These
depict the skies as they appear about ten
p.m. your own kind of standard time (add
one hour for daylight saving time) at the
first of August, an hour earlier at the mid-
dle of the month and swo hours earlier as
the month comes to an end.

Jupiter has a magnitude of minus 2.3, on
the scale used by astronomers for rating the
brilliance of celestial objects. Thus is far
brighter than any other object in the eve-
ning sky except the moon, so Jupiter is easy
to identify. It has been in the constellation
of Capricornus, the horned goat, but in
August moves next door into Sagittarius,
the archer, in the southern sky.

About five degrees to the west (right) is
Saturn. Its magnitude is plus 0.4 so it ranks
with the first-magnituce stars; however, it
is about a twelfth as bright as Jupiter. Both
of these planets are visidle as soon as it gets
dark, and remain in view until shortly
before sunrise.

The stars in Sagittartus outline a teapot.
The handle ts toward Saturn, and the spout
to the right, toward the next constellation
of Scorpius, the scorpion. In the left-hand
end of this group, the stars are in a curved
line, which forms the scorpion’s tail. That
is the way the figure was pictured in the
old star maps. The modern astronomer, of
course, ignores these picturesque old fig-
ures, of lions, bears and dogs as well as
scorpions.

At the center of the scorpion is a bright
star, red in color, called Antares, which is
about half as bright as Saturn.

Looking higher in the southern sky, you
can see two other stars of the frst magni-
tude. Directly above Juniter is Aquila, the
eagle, with brilliant Almir. And still higher
—virtually overhead, in fact—you find
Vega, in Lyra, the lyre. Below this group,
toward the east, is Cygnus, the swan, shown
partly on the southern map, partly on the
northern. It is on the latter that Deneb, the
brightest star in Cygnus, is shown.

The big dipper, which is a part of Ursa
Major, the great bear, shines in the north-
west. In it are the pointers, the two stars in
the dipper’s bow! that show the direction
of Polaris, the pole star. Although of second
magnitude, this is a well-known orb, be-
cause it always stands in about the same
position in the north,

If you follow the handle of the dipper,
and continue its curve to the left, it will
bring you to another star of the first magni-
tude. This is Arcturus, in Bootes, the herds-
trbihh.

Stay up late on August nights and you
may see another planet, for Venus rises in
the east about three hours before the sun.
Its magnitude is now about minus 3.5
which makes it about three times as bright
as Jupiter, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn are
the only planets now visible; the other two
that are sometimes visible without a tele-
scope, Mercury and Mars, are too nearly in
the sun’s direction to be seen.

From about the middle of August to the
end, the moon will shine in the sky during
evening hours. On Friday, Aug. 25, it will
be full, rising in the cast as the sun is
setting in the west.

During that night the moon will pass
through the shadow of earth, producing a
lunar eclipse. At 10:09 p.m, EST, the
eclipse will be at its height. It will not be
quite totally eclipsed as a narrow sliver of
the moon’s surface will remain illuminated
by the direct rays of the sun.

The shadow of our planet actually has
two parts. That shown is the inner part, the
umbra, where the globe would completely
hide the sun. But around it is a larger
region, called the penumbra, where the sun
is only partly hidden. At 7:37 p.m. EST
the moon starts to enter the penumbra. In
the western part of the United States, of
course, the moon will not have risen when
this happens.

But even in the east, where the moon
will be in the sky, nothing will be seen until
later when the castern edge of the lunar
disc may seem to be a little fainter than
normal. .

At 8:36 pan. EST the moon starts to
enter the umbra, or carth’s shadow, and the
eclipse really begins. Very soon afterwards
there will be a noticeable dimming of the
eastern edge of the disc. The darkened
portion will gradually increase until the
maximum eclipse at 10:09 when more than
99°%, of the lunar diameter will be in
shadow. Then the shaded area will become
smaller until at 11:42 p.m., the moon will be
completely out of the umbra. As the eclipse
comes to an end, the moon will have risen
even on the Pacific coast, and the cclipse
will be visible throughout all of North
Ainerica except the northwestern tip of
Alaska.

Even when immersed almost completely
in the earth’s shadow, the moon will still
be visible, shining with a dull, coppery-red
glow. This is an effect of the earth’s atmos-
phere, which acts as a prism to bend sun-
light around into the shadow. As the rays
pass through the air above our heads, some
of the blue light is scattered, and this is
what gives the daytime sky its blue color.

White light consists of a mixture of sev-
eral colors—red, orange, yellow, green, blue
and violet. With the blue and other colors at
that end of the spectrum reduced, red pre-
dominates, and so the light that is bent into
the shadow is much more red than ordinary
sunlight.

The lunar eclipse on Aug. 25 is not the

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ENTOMOLOGY

Bait for Termite Trap
Found in Decaying Wood

> A BAIT that attracts termites as much
as cheese attracts mice has been isolated
from rotting wood. The bait will be useful
in controlling these destructive nibblers,
which do hundreds of millions of dollars
of damage each year in the United States
alone.

The bait, in relatively pure form a color-
less oil, is a more or less natural lure be-
cause it is extracted from the termites’ usual
food—wood that is decaying from infesta-
tion with fungi. Certain of these fungi or
their products help form powerful attract-
ants that guide the termites to an edible
piece of wood.

Drs. G. R. Esenther, T. C. Allen, J. C.
Casida and R. D. Shenefelt of the University
of Wisconsin and the U.S. Department of
Agriculture Forest Service, both in Madison,
Wis., tested the attracting powers of several
kinds of fungi and found that neither
Healthy wood alone nor fungus alone at-
tracted the termites.

In combination, however, wooed and fun-
gus made a very good lure.

The most powerful attractant was pro-
duced in pine wood infected with the brown
rot fungus, Lenzites trabea. All three kinds
of termites tested preferred the wood de-
cayed by this particular fungus, and within
two minutes most of them had clustered
around the wood parts where fungus
growth was mature or “woolly.” Extracts of
this part of the wood attracted the insects
even faster than the whole wood. Every
termite in a test box gathered around a
pad containing the extract within 30 seconds.

This response occurred despite the fact
that the termites were in the light and ex-
posed to dehydration, the scientists report
in Science, 134:50, 1941.

© Science News Letter, 30:57 July 22, 1961

GENERAL SCIENCE
Colleges Buy Own Tools,
But U.S. Pays for Work

> COLLEGES and. universities doing
scientific research buy most of their own
equipment and foot the bulk of the bill for
building new laboratories or remodeling
old ones.

It is Federal money, however, that makes
up the major share of the far larger bill
for the actual research work,

These are the chief findings in a Na-
tional Science Foundation survey of research
and development costs at the college level
in fiscal 1958, latest year for which figures
have been gathered and processed.

The. 253) independent institutions of
hizher learning reporting on capital out-
lays for research facilities and other items

iu othe natural and social sciences spent

m pel al A baad J em * gna cer) ih aba -

Science News Lerren for July 22, 1961

$153,539,000. The Government's share was
$41,361,000 or about one-fourth.

Operating expenditures for budgeted re-
search and development during the samme
year totaled about $740,700,000.. Federal
support accounted for 73°% of this, or about
$340,700,000.

The Foundation notes: “It may be seen
that the role of the Federal Government in
the support of research and development
was reversed from that of support of capital
items for this work.”

The $112,178,000 in non-Federal sources
for facilities and equipment came from the
institutions’ own funds, State appropria-
tions or private endowments. Federal sup-
port was largely confined to research cen-
ters administered for the Government, such
as the University of Chicago’s Argonne Na-
tional Laboratories, which got $26,000,000.

Some 50% of the total capital expendi-
tures went to the life sciences, reflecting
“the need for costly medical school facili-
ties,” the Foundation said. The physical
sciences received 33°/, engineering 15°, and
the social sciences three percent.

The report, No. 28 in a Foundation
series on “Reviews of Data on Research and
Development,” is available for five cents
from the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton 25, D. C.

* Science News Lotter, 80:57 July 22, 194)

ARCHAEOLOGY

Cld Hungarian Church
To Be Kept in Glass Case

> AN ANCIENT CHURCH in Hungary
will be preserved for posterity in a glass
case.

The church, located at the village Zsam-
bek some 20 miles from: Budapest and now
in ruins, will be restored in two stages.
First the stones scattered around the church
will be put back into place and loose stones
will be secured. Then the entire nave, along
which the stone walls are missing, will be
cased in glass.

The glass covering will be supported by
a light metal framework and will help pre-
vent further damage to the church.

The idea for the glass support originated
with Prof. Frigyes Pogany of the Budapest
Technical University. Many colleges from
the University are supporting the restoration
project, it is reported by the Director of
the Royal Geographical Society, Lawrence
Kirwan, in Antiquity, 35:58, 1961.

Mr. Kirwan reports that the church was
built in 1258 and is considered a fine ex-
ample of Romanesque-Gothic style. French
art historians believe that Villard de Honne-
court, a genius of 13th century architecture,
helped build it.

The building was used as a fort by the
Turks in the 16th century. [ts ruin is be-
lieved to date from 158l when the Hun-
garians tried to take it back from the Turks.

Since then, local builders have helped
themselves to stones for building purposes.
Ir is believed that all the stones missing in
the church are now built into the houses
in the village.

© Science News Letter, 80:57 July 22, 1961:

ab peat Pete Er eet ~~ OP em po A ee eee ie

“gr gg ~.

57

BIOCHEMISTRY
Virus Particles Line Up
At a Certain Stage

> AT A CERTAIN STAGE of growth
within a cell, the particles of at least one
type of virus line up in neat columns. A
research team at Columbia University’s Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons studied the
growth of type nine ECHO virus, which
causes a grippe-like disease in man, in kid-
ney cells from the rhesus monkey. They
found that the virus particles arrange them-
selves along parallel Alaments within the
cytoplasm of the cell.

In photographs taken with an electron
microscope, this alignment makes it appear
that small patches of window screen are
scattered about the cell, except that the holes
of the screen are solid (the virus particles)
and the wire spaces are blank.

Some of the solid spots are very dark.
These are the complete particles. Other spots
are lighter in color and these are incomplete
particles, Drs. Richard A. Rifkind, Gabriel
C. Godman, Calderon Howe, Councilman
Morgan and Harry M. Rose report in the

Journal of Experimental Medicine, 114:1,
1961.

Cut in cross section and magnified 258,000
times, the particle arrangement is hexago-
nal. Although the pattern is often some-
what askew, each particle is surrounded by
six others and membranes can be seen.

The particle arrangements seem to accu-
mulate around particular granular masses in
the cell at one stage of growth and then
move out to the edge. Finally the particles
escape through tears in the cell membrane
and the cell may disintegrate.

The intact cell seems to serve as a pro-
tective incubator for the virus particles. The
incomplete particles become numerous dur-
ing advanced stages of infection, but they
are never found outside the cell. Such evi-
dence indicates that the incomplete particle
is unstable.

* Science News Letter, 80:57 July 22, 1961

TECHNOLOGY
irradiated Plastics

Become Semiconductors

> IRRADIATION of chlorinated plastics
with ultraviolet light converts them into
semiconductors, the materials from which
transistors and related electronic items are
made.

This discovery is reported in Nature,
191:164, 1961, by Gerald Oster, Gisela K.
Oster and Marian Kryszewski of the Poly-
technic Institute of Brooklyn, N. Y. They
used the chlorinated plastic, saran, for their
experiments. Ultraviolet light is in the in-
visible range with wavelengths shorter than
visible light.

They found that at the border of irradi-
ated regions unique p-n_ junctions occurred
us in other semiconductors, The irradiated
sainples also showed photoconductivity in
that they conducted an electric current
when exposed to light. The photeconduc-
tivity appears to be due to trapped, unpaired
clectrons.

© Sciance News Letter, 80:57 July 22, 196)