PROJECT BLUE BOOK

__30 July 59 31/02302_ |

1. GATE - TIME GROUP 12, LOCATION F

PRUSECT iVU/5 Ke CUKU

|

i

’

Assonet, Mass. (4 Witness)

ee

3. SOURCE 10, CONCLUSION
Civilian INSUFFICIENT DATA FOR EVALUATION

4. NUMBER OF OBJECTS |
One

5. LENGTH OF OBSERVATION ht. BRIEF SUMMARY ANU ANALYSIS >
10 Minutes ’ Observer reported nioon sive object in the NE that traveled

6. TYPE OF OBSERVATION

Ground-Visual

4 toward the witness. Object was yellov-white initially, but

changed to a dull red finaily, Observer hid under 4 overzsass
and said UFO stopped directly over him. The late data

Dt -? 2 tA

7. COURSE

Southward

prevents a comprehensive evaluation and this case is Mi leq as
insufficient data,

os

8. PHOTOS

T) Yos

XiXNo

9. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

0 Yes
XKNe

FORM.

3 | |
epee ee carne aca papain tan nasieninienimmcacincrsosseninsd

FTD sep 63 0-329 (TDE) Previous editiona of this form may be used.

Se

\ é hot yi

— oes

\

invisible Aurdras Linked
To Unusual Radio Noises

ASTRONOMY

INVISIBLE AURORAS chad occur at the
same times as unusual radio ngises may be
due to the earth's encountering a stream
of particles thrown out by the sin.

Two Australian scientists report ih Nature
(June 6) that they sometimes found a
minute-tominute link between changes in
radio noise level and the invisible auxoral
light intensity.

The auroras were spotted by an electronic
device called a sky-scanning photometer ot
53 nights between June and December, 1958.
A comparison of the radio noise bursts at
4.6 kilocycles and night-glowing auroral
records showed only a few times when both
did not occur simultaneously.

Both the invisible auroras and radio
noises tend to occur when the earth's mag-
nectic field is greatly disturbed, they found.

The solar streams causing them could be
cither protons or electrons, Drs. R. A. Dun-
can and G. R, Ellis of the Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organiza-
tion, Camden, New South Wales, suggest.
1959

Science News Letter, June 20,

GENETICS
Computers Improve
Study of Gene Mutation

COMPUTERS CAN help biologists esa
mate just what the effects would be of in-
creased mutation rates in man’s genes.

An increase in the number and frequency
of gene changes following exposure tk
X-rays and other irradiation has been o
served in laboratory animals. Some sci

lated to high or above-normal radi
levels. /

We have reached a point now, Avhere
scientists should be able to decide if an

increase in hereditary defects wil} follow,

a rise in mutation rate, Dr. Howard B/
Newcombe of Atomic Energy of Canad4,
Ltd., Chalk River, Ontario, sail. |

There are two ways these/ defects Are
maintained in « by mutation,
and by an increase in detects Along with an
increase in fertility in the liealthy carriers
of genes. In this second Avay, the gene
losses which result from any reduged fer-
tility in persons with ill /effects would be
balanced by the increased fertility/ of other
persons. Frequency of /mutation, such as
induced by X-rays or other radiation, would
not he important herg.

"“Qur tanocance on/ this pognt represents
the major source of Uncertaigty ia estimac.
ing the consequences of dn increase in
mutation rate,” Dr. Newcombe told scicn-
tists at a symposiurn on molecular genetics
and human disease in Syracuse, N. Y.

i pulation:

VAS OC) |

Scrence News Lerrer for June 20, 1959

Pr ssent-day computing equipment seems
to be adequate for comparing the genco-
logical information researchers are now
gathering routinely in the form of marriage
registrations. In addition to the need for
new computers, the problem of studying
human genetics and disease would be greatly
aided by taking several steps: increase
awareness of the hereditary causes of ill
health as a public health problem; use vital
statistics system to permit follow-up studies
of individuals; make health informatién
about individuals available especially where
national health insurance prograrns gfe in
effect, and improve methods of storjfg and
getting back large amounts of rec@rds.

Science News Letter, we 20,

f

1959

MEDICINE
New Cortisone-Like Drug
Eases Sunburn Discomfort

A CORTISONE-L IKE drug has “been de-
veloped that may bring’ relief from pain and
Hicoenfort to many persons who have suf-
‘red severe sunburf reactions after initial
prolonged exposure to the summer sun.
Known as triagncinalones the drug was
adin\nistered orally every, six hours to I4
severdly sunbughed persons by Drs. Milton
M. Cahn an Edwin J/ Levy of the Uni-
versity OF Pe insylv: inka School of Medicine.

Nine of ree treated obtained complete
cohet within 24 hows.
more se oe ases, With swelling of the face,
hands apd fder, arid required 42 hours of
complete relief was obtained.
ported that the drug caused
side cffects, bat cautioned
because of the possible

Four others were

uleeably An some patie
ortico-stéroid therapy.
Science News

ts after receiving

ter, June 20, 1959

ICHTHYOLOGY

quality sliced clam meats, said John A. D\s-
sow of the U.S. Bureau of Commerci:
Visheries, Seattle, Wash

In the North Pacific, ers may
be gathered at any season, However, native
Alaskans say their quality is poor during
warmer weather. Preparation of the twhe-
shaped animal is simple, the scientists re-
ported.

After it is cleaned and eviscerated—by
cutting off one or both ends, splitting down

sea culchuin

the side, and scrapimny and washing—the
thie white strips of meat can be cooked
dit U ed {Ss : has 1 ubs iurrt

The sea cucurnber can also be canned,
frozen, or dried and used as is trepang or
dried sea cucumber of the Orient.

Science News Letter, June 20, 1959

393

ENGINEERING
Largest Ball Bearing
Measures 14 Feet

THE LARGEST precision ball bearing
evér made weighs 14,600 pounds, measures
nearly 14 feet in diameter, and will support
a million pounds.

It contains 88 four-inch balls and will
rotate at ten revolutions per minute during
a minimum operating life of ten yeurs.

Soon to be installed in the supporting
system of a Nike-Zeus radar system, the
bearing was built by the Kaydon Engi-
neering Corporation of Muskegon, Mich,

Five different rings make up the bearing,
reported the International Nickel Company,
Inc., in New York. An upper and lower
outer race (track or groove), an upper
and lower inner race, and a dat gear
ring that indicates angular position of the
radar antenna.

The rings were forged from _nickel-
chromium-molybdenum alloy steel, which
has good hardenability and machinability.
It also provides excellent wear resistance
in the hardened condition, high strength
and impact resistance even at low tempera-
tures.

As demands for big radar systems con-
tinue, even larger bearings will be needed.
Already, a 60-foot-diameter bearing is being
designed with replacement segments. Diam-
eters of 100 feet are probable in the future.

Science News Letter, June 20, 1959

PUBLIC HEALTH
Researchers Recommend
Annual Polio Boosters

AN ANNUAL BOOSTER shot of polio
vaccine, and possibly two such shots, is
ree ommended by a research team at Michael
Reese Hospital, Chicago.

A five-year study involving 4,000 children
who had received a Salk-type polio vaccine
showed that, within one to three years after
getting their first three shots, the levels of
immunity drop.

After a booster, however, the immunity
levels reached a higher level and fell less
than. after the primary immunization. After
a second booster “there was even better
response,” the researchers report in the
Journal ‘of the Amertcan Medical Associa-
tion (June 6).

It seems possible, they explain, that once
the polio antibodies, or polio virus hghters,
are produced) they oresear within
the body at vcty low icvels for life. Actual
Virus exposure ‘or booster shots will “re
ind” the body to produce more of these
vikus fighters.

uA HN hie

ius a person who his once produced
ulies is probably “p immune. Flow-
ever, {t is preferable to have a detectable
amount of antibodies Breaenit in the blood

stream i the booster shor helps provide
Phe re\ecarch was curried out by Des,
Albert M.\ Wolf, Howard J. Shaughnessy,
James W. Ghapman and Ruth FE. Church,

and Martha Janota and Mildred Moore.
Science News Letter, June 20, 1959

anu

Mir Fepors,

other planet or a star—because it takes up so
much less space in the sky. There is plenty
of dark space between the stars for the
planets to move, and not come in front of
one.

The most unusual event on the celestial
program for July is such a planetary occul-
tation. This occurs on the seventh, when
Venus occults Regulus, in Leo. This star
is at the end of the handle (which is toward
the south) of a smaller group, the sickle.
Unfortunately, this occurs at 9:15 a.m.,
Eastern Standard Time, when Venus is low
in the east in broad daylight, along the
Atlantic Coast. Farther west, of course, it
will not have risen.

While Venus is so bright that you can
see it in daylight, if you know just where
to look, you cannot see the star. The phe-
nomenon will be visible in Eurape and
\frica, and parts of Asia. In some of these
areas the sky will be darker when it hap-
pens.

But even though people in our country
will probably miss the actual occultation, it
will be interesting to watch Venus before
ind after the seventh, especially in relation
to Regulus. On the evenings of the fitth
wud sixth, the planet will draw closer and
closer to the star; and on that of the
eventh it will have passed it.

Celestial Time Table for July

IULY EST
1 2:00 p.m, Moon farthest, distance 251,900
miles,
200 am. Earth farthest from sun in
1959; distance 94,455,000 miles
poo pam. New moon

S 5:28a.m. Moon passes Mercury
y:00 pam. Mercury farthest case of sun;
visible low in western sky at
dusk for a few days before and
after this date.
) $534 In. Moon passes Mars
3:31 p.m. Moon passes Venus
1; 7:0tam. Moon in first quarter
'5 t1:36a.m. Moon passes Jupiter
17 g:ooam. Moon nearest (for month); dis:
tance 226,300 miles
1S) 6:234.m. Moon passes Saturn
1y 16:33pm. Full moon
26 Venus at greatest brilliancy
27. 9:22am. Moon in last quarter
zy 7700 2m Moon farthest, distance Aw Pel

irmles

Sul ut ic four tor CNT two hours for
MS1, and three for PST.

Science News Letter, June 20, 1959

INTRODUCTION TO THE Puysicat SciENcEsS—
Morris Goran—Free Press, 421 p., illus., pa
$6. General science course for college stud
presenting astronomy, meteorology, geology,
physics and chemistry as parts of a uhi
whole; includes biographical sketches
entists,

THe Lancuace or Psycnorocy — George
Mandler and William Kessen—Wileys 301 p.,
$6.75. Analysis of scientific language in psy-
chology, tracing its development fromm vernacu-
lar to the formulation of explicit theories, em-
phasizing recent development in the logic and eli ’
philosophy of science. : ,

Tue Lire ov Sin ALEXANDE ‘Puenune: Dis- if LV
coverer of Penicillin—Andre /Maurois, transl. ’
from French by Gerard Hopkins, introd. by
Robert Cruickshank—Duttom, 203 p., photo- t
graphs, $5. From the background of labora- y |
‘tories, test tubes and pipgttes, antiseptics and i r
antibiotics emerues a porgrait of the man and p)
great scientist who died jn 1955.

Roaw-Crnnvinc Capagrry or Roaps as Ar-
Fectep Ky Prost Action: Final Reporr—G. A.
Meskal, W. W. Stifter And Carl E. Vogelgesang
—Highwauy Kes curch Bd., Bull. 207, 32 Pos illus.,
paper, Ye. Summaries ‘of state projects, with
Oregon aAyul fade feepiaesy | in full.

Moprxs\ Science AND Human Freepom-—
David L. Mylicr—Unie. of Texas Press, 297 p..

hether the great traditions of

Mortivarton ok Scientists AND Encinrens: A
Survey of Man yanent Policies and Practices in
Selected Com, Tongeeards C. Beanland and
others—Siun! Grad, School of Busi-
ness, 47}. ag thetes research project of
twelve Srintdérd telloWws exploring incentives in
industry.

PHILiPeiye Zootocica Expeprrion 1946-
1947: Tabanidae (Diptera)—Cornelius B. Philip
—Chicag al Nat. Hist. Mut, 83 p., illus., paper,
$2. Repoft on horseflies ahd deerflies collected
by the expedition.

Pus AN» Pure: The Stora of Energy—Paul
Blackwéod—W hittlesey Honse\190 p., illus. by
William dD. Hayes, $3. Story of the energy

machine; explains solar,
chemical and nuclear ener;

ALITATIVE ANALYSIS AND ALYTICAL
Mica Sepaxatrtons—Philip W. West and
urice M. Vick—Macmrllan, 2nd ed.\3

ius.. Sa.se. Pundamental cexe for \second
stmester studies of general chemistry.
/ Researcne 1x Acinc: VA Prospectus—
ans Administration Advisory Committee
Problems of Aging, Ralph W. Gerard, Chmn.-
Govt. Print. Off., 125 p. illus., $1.50. ‘Trans-\

/

No Case (Information Only) 8 July 1959
Amager ,Island, Denmark

July 8 prioxto the November |

x)
photograph 3 exposures of a geucer—abe aped object, low over the: Si,

landscape were takon by tro he ba dvatchers et Amager Island, :
Denmark, ‘Their nanes were end aA nei Be 4

No Case (Information Only) 9 July 1959
Columbus, Indiana

RSRCBS. WEv9 STORISS

INDIANA PAMILY CHASES SAUCSR3;: On the nicht of July Sth, aq
QeeeFend other members of his family driving with hin, chased a group of un
identified lights for asvsrul miles on 2 highwey near Colisabus, Indiana, Said
Cum "Wo saw threes lighta moving very slowly in front of ua, and we thought |
at first that they were onan airplane with engine troudls. There was no
sound, I think I could have thrown a rock and hit then,they vere so low, These)
vlinking orange lighta then movad cut of their triangle fPorwaticn. It pave uw
quite a start, Jater they come back together and wo atarted chasing them to- |
wards Coluabus.” qgg estioated the speed of the lights at 15 mph, until he |
started chasing them. They then imoreased their speed and finally etroaxed. off |
inte the sky and got away from hia. Lecal officials identified the lights a4)
belonging to three airplanes flying ia a triangle alias a sorts but thie explant |
tian does not fit the facts as told bee,

| : , ~

tat

No Case (Information Only) 10 July 1959
Gatwick, England

/ 7 > /

GATWICK, ENGLAND, JULY 10.--(UPI)--PILOTS LANDING HERE YESTERDAY
REPORTED THAT UNIDENTIFIED WHITE OBJECTS HAD HOVERED AT THEIR PLANE’S
WINGTIPS AS THEY CAME IN, |

THEY TURNED OUT TO BE BUBBLES FORMED WHEN HIGH WINDS WHIPPED UP
A DETERGENT FOAM FROM A NEARBY DRAINAGE DITCHe

a. >

No Case (Information Only) | 24 July 1959
Ocean City, New Jersey

SAUCKR BRISPS: An Ocean City W. J, sewspeper article dated July —
24¢h states that cral--hered UFOs Suszed docks and tieat oabing in that arse,”
The report was made by “rs, Gu, of Upper farhy, ., a mewspaper —
woman who wag opending the a.neaer at Coven City. Che said that ehe was working
om the family boat whea two saucers came down areund the boat, with a <hird
emucer bohind it. Ths three objects then circled around the mearzy mest cad-
los, oud digsppeared into the uxy.-

a _—- -~_

CO ee ee ee :

AUGUST 1959 SIGHTINGS
DATE LOCATION OBSERVER
Aug Cobura, Virginia Seep PHOTO)
Spanish Military
Military

1 SE:of Madrid, Spain

2 Washington, D.C.

3 Silver Spring, Maryland
3 Woodside, California

9 Colunbus, Ohio

19 Goose AFB, Labrador ili tary
11 Upper Greenwood Lake, New Jersey
11 Lincoln, Nebraska
12 Ocean Beach, New Jersey ee
13 Denver, Colorado MULL
13 Long Island, New York eo
13 Daytoa, Ohio |
1h Frying Paa Shoals, SouthCarolina st Guard
15 North Pacific (N of Hawaii) NW Airlines
16 Macon & Forsyth, Georgia Multi
17 Doaaldsosa AFB, South Carolina =
17 NE of West Indies, SE of N Carolina

18 Terr2 Haute, Imdiana

18 New Milford, New Jers-y
19 80 MI E of U.S, Military ae
19 Dalles, Texas
19 6 Mi W of Mitchell AF2, New York
19 Trenton, New J rsey
19 Shelton, Connecticut
19 Elburn, Illinois
19 Roddington, Newfousz-_asd
21 Marysville, Ohio HYSICAL S)
22 St Johns, Newfoundlas: Pan Am Airlines
25 New York, New York
26 Lake Winnebago, Wisccasin
25 Denver, Colorado
2 Denver, Colorado m
28 Charlott+ Isle, Canada (Ee wing /J 25h (RADAR)
29 Mobile, Alabama sa Multi
29 Hoquaim, Washington
32 Dayton, Ohio en.

hae > wuLl - Oe Oe Re BE Terr ere =

EVALUTION

ther (HOAX)
Astro (MST=Z0R)
Insufficient Data
Balloon
Aircraft
Insufficient Data
UNIDENTIFIED
Balloon
Astro (METEOR)
ther (REFLECTION)
Astro (MSTZOR)
Aircraft
Balloon
Other (MISSILE)
Insufficient Data
Balloon

Astro (METEOR)
Other (RCCKST)
Astro (METEDR)
Ballcon
Other (ANOMALOUS PROP)
Aircraft
Aircraft

Insufficient Data
Insufficient Data
Insufficient Data
Insufficient Data
Other ee
Astro (METEOR)
Balloca

Insufficient Data
Astro (METEOR)

Astro (METZOR)
Aircraft
Astro (MSTEOR)
Airera?t

Bailoosa

/

U.S. AIR FORCE TECHNICAL INFORMATION

This questionnaire has been prepared so that you can give the U.S. Air Force as much
information as possible concerning the unidentified aerial phenomenon that you have observed.
Please try to answer as many questions as you possibly can. The information that you give will
be used for research purposes. Your name will not be used in connection with any statements,
conclusions, or publications without your permission. We request this personal information so
that if it is deemed necessary, we may contact you for further details.

: ,
1. When did you see the object? 2. Time of day: 10. mi a
Hour Minutes
er SSbeedanidiga acs OC ALEC LAGE i OO EOI gr ee ng oovten

A v AO f=

20 — new aa pres Ann ES (Circle One): A.M. or CP.M2

Day Month cee ee L IOE cecrinccrcerrenennernie

. re

3. Time Zone: a
(Circle One): @,) Eastern (Circle One); f,) Daylight Saving
b. Central b, Standard
c. Mountain
d. Pacific
e., Other

—

4. Where were you when you saw the object?

ne NOT See. aa 3 RI STOOL
Nearest Postal Address : City or Town Seer - State.or Daunte:
5. How long was object in sight? (Total Duration) om ZO a
Hours Minutes Seconds
a. Certain c. Not very sure
2
(b.) Fairly certain d. Just a quess

5.1 How was time in sight determined? te / RIST Lt TCH

5.2 Was object in sight continuously? Yes — = No

6. What was the condition of the sky?

DAY NIGHT it ane 4
a. Bright @) Bright Cc LERER (Fv itl oF 3s7 ARS)
b. Cloudy Cloudy

7. IF you saw the object during DAYLIGHT, where was the SUN located as you looked at the object?

(Circle One): a. In front of you d. To your left
b. in bock of you e, Overhecd
c. To your right f. Don’t remember

FTD oct 62 164 This form supersedes F TD 164, Jul 61, which is obsolete.

7 Page 2

| : 8. IF you saw the object at NIGHT, what did you notice concerning the STARS and MOON?

| | 8.1 STARS (Circle One): 8.2 MOON (Circle One):
| a a, None a. Bright moonlight
|g b. A few b. Dull moonlight
fc.) Many €.) No moonlight — pitch dark
| d. Don't remember d. Don’t remember

9. What were the weather conditions at the time you saw the object?

; CLOUDS (Circle One): WEATHER (Circle One):

(a.) Clear sky (a.) Dry

b. Hazy b. Fog, mist, or light rain |
c. Scattered clouds c. Moderate or heavy rain |
d. Thick or heavy clouds d. Snow

e. Don’t remember

ee ee. es eee - —_—

10. The object appeared; (Circle One):
" a. Solid (d.) As a light

b. Transparent oe, Don’t remember
c. Vapor

11. If it appeared as a light, was it brighter than the brightest stars? (Circle One):

‘ a.) Brighter c. About the same
b. Dimmer d. Don’t know

11.1 Compare brightness to some common object:

§ | , Aheweht hes the Tron. Ew pean x, b. lof |

| 12. The edges of the object were:
i

(Circle One): a. Fuzzy or blurred e. Other
(b,) Like a bright star
c. Sharply outlined
d. Don’t remember

' 13. Did the object: (Circle One for each question)

| a. Appear to stand still at any time? (Yes) No Don’t know

b. Suddenly speed up and rush away at any time? Yes (No> Don’t know

c. Break up into parts or explode? Yes No. Don’t know

d. Give off smoke? Yes No Don’t know

~e. Change brightness? (Yes No Don't know

, £, Change shape? Yes No Don’t know

\g. Flash or flicker? Yes) No_ Don’t know

: h. Disappear and reappear? Yes jio Don't know

14,

Poge 3

Did the object disappear while you were watching it? If so, how?

nO

15.

Did the object move behind something at any time, particularly a cloud?

(Circle One): Yes No. Don't Know. IF you answered YES, then tell what
it moved behind: —. =... pt eT

—

16.

Did the object move in front of something at any time, particularly a cloud?

(Circle One): Yes (No Don’t Know. IF you answered YES, then tell what

it SRGNE Et Fo . eee Pe a ee ee

17.

Tell in a few words the following things about the object:

a. Sound Snide ae fel a an na it
” va

Ne Fh pp
Oe AK inchall,

18.

We wish to know the angular size. Hold a match stick at arm's length in line with a known object and note how
much of the object is covered hy the head of the match. If you had performed this experiment at the time of the
sighting, how much of the object would have been covered by the match head?

yy fi « s

19.

Draw a picture that will show the shape of the object or objects. Label and include in your sketch any details
of the object that you sow such as wings, protrusions, etc., and especially exhaust trails or vapor trails.

Place an arrow beside the drawing to show the direction the object was moving.

N

NIGHT KORIZON Se eatin

Seleita

E
PP PROX

i ZA MILGS Henry
; , my ee ui =
bes REO 29 ij Cc

Page 5

27. In the following sketch, imagine that you are at the point shown. Place an ‘‘A”’ on the curved line to show how
high the object was above the horizon (skyline) when you first saw it. Place a ‘'B’’ on the same curved line to
show how high the object was above the horizon (skyline) when you /ast saw it. Place an ‘‘A”’ on the compass

when you first saw it. Place a ‘‘B’’ on the compass where you /ast saw the object.

90°

TS"

28. Draw a picture that will show the motion that the object or objects made, Place an ‘‘A’’ at the beginning of the
path, a ‘'B”’ at the end of the path, and shuw any changes in direction during the course.

i7
ly we)
We
WwW rUtHan re &
‘

\

(sv)
B

aa - MGS Boge G =

29. IF there was MORE THAN ONE object, then how many were there?
Draw a picture of how they were arranged, and put an arrow to show the direction that they were traveling.

VIF

Page 6

-——— —

pares

30. Have you ever seen this, or a similar object before. If so give date or dates and location.

No

<al eee

31. Was anyone else with you at the time you saw the object? (Circle One) Yes (No

31.1 IF you answered YES, did they see the object too? (Circle One) Yes No

31.2 Please list their names and addresses:

_— — — ee ee ——— —

32. Please give the following information about yourself;

Lost Name First Name Middle Name
ey
— t --* are.  , -
ADDRESS a "% New ke BEVIS =e uflPss. $.
Street City Zone State

TELEPHONE NUMBER . —_— AGE 5 Os sex Hpce

indicate any additional informotion about yourself, including any special experience, which might be pertinent.

f } ) Aicct poet i feof » Uf
’ VY Ores FOO, peu foe ye atime] 75 hele a oe
" *) f
pth dual al aeto

— —— —_—

33. When and to whom did you report that you had seen the object?

, Se )
De en oe ee aric

RIGLAT- fist TE RSOW

Day Month Year A. 7 £ ft

fai J — é

fie

eee em

ER Re Se - See avs a ee ere ——$—— — — -- —_—

394

ASTRONOMY

Science News Lerren for June 20, 1959

Heavenly Display Very Good

Venus reaches its greatest brilliancy by July 26. With

eee

Jupiter and Saturn, plus a full moon, mid- euy nights will yield

unusually interesting viewing—--

By JAMES STOKLEY

WITH THE WARM weather of summer,
niany persons are likely to be out of doors
on July evenings, and so they have a fine
opportunity to see the stars that shine over-
head. This year the display is particularly
srood, because three bright planets are added
to the usual stars.

These are shown on the accompanying
maps, which give the appearance of the
heavens about ten o'clock your own kind of
standard time (or cleven by daylight sav-
ing time) at the first of the month and an
hour earlier at the middle.

The brightest of these planets is Venus,
which appears in the west long before any
other plant or star. Ever since it came into
the evening sky at the beginning of the year
it has been getting brighter, and on July 26
it reaches its greatest brilliancy. This is
minus 4.2 on the astronomer's magnitude
scale, about 40 times as bright as a typical
first magnitude star.

Venus now sets some two hours after the
sun, and that is why it is so low on the
map. It is in the constellation of Leo, the
lion, close to the star called Regulus, which
dues not appear on our map. In fact, on
July 7 Venus passes in front of Regulus, i in
a very rare occultation. This, however, from
points in the United States and Canada, will
be visible only along the east coast and
during daylight hours.

About a seventh as bright as Venus, but
i of great brilliance (magnitude minus

1.9) is the second planet, Jupiter. This is in
the south, in Libra, the scales.

The third planet is Saturn, of magnitude
0.3, equal to a bright star of the first mag
nitude, This is in Sagittarius, the archer.
Some of the stars of this group form the out-
lite of a teapot, with the handle to the left,
the spout to the right. Saturn is close to the

knob of the lid.

Two Other Planets Visible

There are two other phinets that also can
sometimes be seen with the naked eye, and
these also are in the July evening sky, al-
though not very conspicuous. Mars is also
in Leo. It has set by the times for which
our maps are drawn, but is above the hori-
zon carlier, a litte lower than Venus and
cg? north. But its distance is now so

reat (about 214,000,000 miles) that it ap-
Shae like a second magnitude star. In ad.
dition, its low alntucde soll tnore,
will have to look closely to find in.

Around Juiy 8 Mercury makes one of its
uncommon appearances in the evening sky.
It too will be low in the west at owilight
and set about an hour and a half after the

climws it

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sun, before the sky is completely dark, On
the morning of the cighth, when it is not
visible from this part of the world, the
moon will pass Mercury. Since the moon is
new on July 5, ict will be visible as a nar-
row crescent on the eighth, so it will make
a striking display, along with Venus and
Mercury, and possibly Mars, The next eve-
ning the moon passes to the south of Venus
in another beautiful spectacle.

The moon reaches first quarter, when it
will set about midnight, on July 13. It is
full on the 19th, shining all night. Thus
the middle of the month will have moonlit
evenings.

Among the stars of July, the brightest is
Voy, in Lyra, the lyre, which is high in
the east. Second in brilliance is Arcturus,
in Bootes, the herdsman, over toward the
southwest. A good way to find it is to look
fur the great dipper in the north, part of
Urss Major, the great bear. At the lower
end of this group are the pointers, Merak
wd Dubhe. A line through them to the
right shows the position of Polaris, the pole
star

The handle of the dipper is formed by
the stars Alioth, Mizar and Alkaid. If you
follow toward the south the curved line
they form, you will come to Arcturus. Fol-

lowed further, it brings you to another first
Spica, in Virgo, the virgin.

magnitude star,

Next to this group, to the left, is Libra,
in which Jupiter now stands. And next to
Libra is Scorpius, the scorpion. In this is
the star called Antares, which is distinctly
red in color, somewhat like Mars. In fact,
the name of this orb means “rival of Mars.”

Two other firstumagnitude stars are in
the east. One is Deneb, in Cygnus, the
swan; the other is Altair, in Aquila, the
eagle. Along with Vega these stars form a
prominent triangle in the sky, which may
help you to locate them.

Eclipsing Celestial Objects

The term “eclipse” usually refers to one
of the sun or moon. A solar eclipse is caused
by the moon's passing between sun and
earth; a lunar eclipse, by the moon's enter-
ing the earth’s shadow.

But there are other kinds of eclipses too.
For example, there is a star called Algol in
the constellation of Perseus (which now
rises in the early morning) consisting of one
dark and one bright sphere. Every few
days the dark one comes in front of the
latter, causing a partial eclipse which dims
its light. This is typical of a class of stars
known as “eclipsing binaries.”

And the moon: not only can it come in
front of the sun, but it can—and frequently
does—pass in front of a star. This is termed
not an eclipse, but an occultation. The
moon “occults” the star.

With faint stars this happens frequently,
but only rarely does the moon occult a very
bright star, or a planet. Much rarer, how-
ever, is an occultation by a planet—of an-

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SYMBOLS FOR STARS IN ORDER OF BRIGHTNESS

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